anatomy and physiology

• What is anatomical nomenclature?

  System of naming anatomical structures
• What is the primary function of a gene?

  To encode instructions for protein synthesis
• What does the term genotype refer to?

  All genetic factors of an individual
• What does phenotype mean?

  Characteristics resulting from genotype and environment
• What is the nature of the program described in the study material?

  It is generative, not descriptive
• What is osteogenesis?

  Process of bone formation
• What is intramembranous ossification?

  Bone formation directly from mesenchyme

  
• What is limb budding?

  Development of limbs from the body
• What is endochondral ossification?

  Bone formation from a cartilage model

  
• What are the two main processes of bone formation?

  Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

  
• What is the control of bone mass related to?

  Balance between bone formation and resorption

  
• What are the types of bone mentioned?

  Compact and spongy bone

  
• What is compact bone characterized by?

  Concentric rings around a central canal
• What is an osteon?

  Basic structural unit of compact bone
• How many bones are in the human skeleton?

  206 bones
• What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?

  Axial and appendicular skeleton
• What does the axial skeleton consist of?

  Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
• What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

  Upper and lower limbs plus girdles
• What are the temporal bones?

  Bones located at the sides of the skull
• What is the function of the external auditory meatus?

  Passage for sound waves to the eardrum
• What is the mastoid process?

  Projection behind the ear on the temporal bone
• What bones join at the squamous suture?

  Temporal and parietal bones
• What is the coronal suture?

  Joint between frontal and parietal bones
• What is the lambdoid suture?

  Joint between occipital and parietal bones
• What bones are visible in the skull's lateral view?

  Temporal, parietal, frontal, occipital

  
• What are the orbits made of?

  Seven bones each
• What is the nasal cavity divided by?

  Nasal septum made of vomer and ethmoid
• What are paranasal sinuses?

  Air-filled spaces around the nasal cavity
• What are the three fossae of the endocranial base?

  Anterior, middle, and posterior fossae
• What is the foramen magnum?

  Opening for the spinal cord in the skull
• What is the sella turcica?

  Structure housing the pituitary gland
• What are the occipital condyles?

  Rounded projections for articulation with the spine
• What are the muscles of mastication?

  Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid
• What is the axial skeleton composed of?

  Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
• How many cervical vertebrae are there?

  Seven cervical vertebrae
• What is unique about the atlas vertebra?

  It has no body and large facets
• What is the dens in the axis vertebra?

  Projection for rotation of the atlas
• How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

  Twelve thoracic vertebrae
• What features do thoracic vertebrae have?

  Costal facets and demifacets
• How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

  Five lumbar vertebrae