Intro to cell and tissue responses

• define pathology 


  study of suffering
• define physiology 


  study of the normal
• physiological responses 


  controlled and reversible
• pathological responses 


  disease and not always reversible
• what is disease


  any deviation from the normal which is sufficient to produce signs or symptoms
• what is aetiology 


  causes of
• what is pathogenesis 


  natural history of the disease
• what are predisposing factors

  factors which increase the likelihood of developing the disease
• what are symptoms 


  changes noticed by the patient
• what are signs 


  changes noticed by the clinician
• what are lesions 


  pathological structural abnormality
• what is a diagnosis 


  identifying a disease by means of its signs and symptoms
• what is a prognosis 


  predicted outcome
• what is iatrogenic 


  caused by the physician
• what is idiopathic 


  cause unknown
• list causes of disease

  • genetic
  • physical agents
  • chemical
  • infection
  • nutritional
  • immune
  • endocrine
  • anoxia
  • degeneration
  • psychological
  • idiopathic
• cell and tissue responses can be physiological or pathological
• physiological responses can be metabolic or structural
• list pathological responses

  • healing
  • adaption
  • immune responses
  • cell degeneration
  • acute and chronic inflammation
  • cell death
  • disordered cell growth
• state an example of metabolic adaption

  during dieting fats are mobilised from fat cells to supply energy
• what is hyperplasia


  increase in number of cells in a tissue
• what is hypertrophy 


  increase in size of existing cells
• what atrophy


  decrease in size of tissue due to decrease in number or size of cells
• what is hyperkeratosis


  formation of excess keratin in stratified squamous epithelium
• what is hypercementosis


  formation of excess cementum on a tooth root
• hypertrophy, hyperplasia and atrophy are self limiting as once the stimulus is removed the tissue will revert to normal size
• what is cell degeneration

  cell is damaged but not killed, the severe stimulus and adaptive responses are overwhelmed
• what is cell necrosis

  death of cell and the breakdown of constituent parts
• what is the response to living tissue to cell damage and cell death

  acute inflammation