Muskoletal

• What is the total number of bones in the human body?

  206
• What are the primary functions of the musculoskeletal system?

  Protection, locomotion, support
• What is the role of bones in the body?

  Generation and transference of force for movement
• What is the term for the formation of new blood cells?

  Haematopoiesis
• What are the two types of bone tissue?

  Compact and spongey bone
• Where is red bone marrow primarily found?

  In spongey or trabecular bone
• What percentage of the skeleton is made up of compact bone?

  80%
• What is the periosteum?

  A fibrous layer enclosing the bone
• What are the organic components of bone material?

  Cells, collagen fibers, ground substance
• What do osteoblasts do?

  They build bone by secreting components
• What is the function of osteoclasts?

  They resorb bone as part of its lifecycle
• What is the significance of the bone (re)growth cycle?

  It maintains balance between resorption and formation
• What are tendons made of?

  Collagen, a connective tissue fiber
• What is the function of ligaments?

  To help keep structure and stability
• What type of joint is a synovial joint?

  Encapsulated, lubricated, padded
• What is the role of the spinal discs?

  They cushion the vertebrae
• What are the three types of muscle tissue?

  Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
• What is the primary function of skeletal muscles?

  Posture and movement
• How do smooth muscles function?

  They adjust blood flow and move food
• What is the role of cardiac muscle?

  Pumping blood from the heart
• What are the characteristics of muscles?

  Contractibility, extensibility, elasticity, excitability
• What is fascia?

  Elastic connective tissue wrapping organs
• What do upper motor neurons do?

  They transmit signals from the brain
• What is the function of lower motor neurons?

  They directly activate muscles
• What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

  Neurotransmitters bind to muscle membranes
• What is the purpose of muscle relaxants?

  To assist in airway compliance and suppress muscles
• What is the difference between depolarizing and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants?

  Depolarizing contracts muscles, nondepolarizing blocks them
• What is osteoporosis?

  Bone resorption exceeds bone healing
• What is osteomyelitis?

  Bacterial or fungal infection in cortical bone
• What is muscular dystrophy?

  Muscle cells struggle to maintain shape and function
• What is scoliosis?

  A lateral curvature of the spine
• What are common injuries related to the musculoskeletal system?

  Sprains, strains, dislocations, fractures
• What is a sprain?

  Tearing of ligament at joints
• What is a strain?

  Stretching or tearing of muscle
• What is a dislocation?

  Tearing of ligaments and disruption of joint
• What are the types of fractures?

  Closed/open, displaced/nondisplaced
• What are potential complications of fractures?

  Internal bleeding, fat embolism syndrome, disability
• What is the relevance of homeostasis to muscles?

  It regulates muscle function and health
• What is the significance of the spinal fusion procedure?

  It supports lung function and joint movement
• What are the key features of bone structure?

  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
  • Cartilage
  • Red bone marrow
  • Yellow bone marrow
  • Epiphyseal line