Bio topic 5

• What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

  • Light dependent reactions
  • Light independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
• Where do light dependent reactions occur?

  Thylakoid membrane
• What is produced in the light dependent reactions?

  ATP and reduced NADP
• What is photolysis?

  Splitting of water using light energy
• What happens to the protons during photolysis?

  They form reduced NADP
• What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  Absorbs light energy
• What is chemiosmosis?

  Process of ATP production using a proton gradient
• What is the Calvin cycle also known as?

  Light independent reactions
• What does the Calvin cycle produce?

  Hexose sugar
• What enzyme is crucial in the Calvin cycle?

  Ribisco
• What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  Anything that reduces the rate of photosynthesis
• How can farmers maximize photosynthesis?

  By removing limiting factors
• What are the four key stages of aerobic respiration?

  Glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  Cytoplasm
• What is produced during glycolysis?

  Two molecules of pyruvate
• What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

  Two ATP
• What happens to pyruvate in the link reaction?

  It is oxidized to form acetate
• What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

  Oxygen
• What are the products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

  • 6 carbon dioxides
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 reduced NAD
  • 2 reduced FAD
• What is oxidative phosphorylation similar to?

  Chemiosmosis in photosynthesis
• How many ATP molecules are produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

  34 ATP
• What is the role of ATP synthase?

  To phosphorylate ADP into ATP
• What happens to electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?

  They are picked up by oxygen
• What is produced when oxygen picks up protons and electrons?

  Water
• What is the significance of the electrochemical gradient in respiration?

  It drives ATP production
• How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  It influences enzyme activity
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

  They denature
• What is the role of NAD in respiration?

  To carry hydrogen ions
• What is the main purpose of respiration?

  To produce ATP for energy
• How do limiting factors affect crop yield?

  They can reduce photosynthesis rates
• Why is it important to consider costs in agriculture?

  To ensure profitability of crop production
• What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?

  Hexose sugar
• What happens to the hexose sugar produced?

  It can be converted into other compounds
• How does the structure of chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis?

  It organizes reactions in specific locations
• What is the significance of the stroma in chloroplasts?

  It hosts the light independent reactions
• What is the function of thylakoids?

  Site of light dependent reactions
• How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

  Higher intensity increases the rate
• What is the relationship between light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration?

  Both can limit photosynthesis rates
• What is the role of ATP in the Calvin cycle?

  Provides energy for reactions
• What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?

  To produce reduced coenzymes and ATP