Social learning theory

• SLT

  Bandura proposed social learning theory - idea that behaviour can be learned by imitating others
• Modelling

  To model is to demonstrate (a social behaviour). Models more likely to be imitated if they are same-sex and age as observer. Other factor are attractive and high social status. This is because observer identifies with the model (ie admires and wants to be like them) and so imitates
• Observation and imitation

  Observer observes model. Imitation is copying observed behaviour. In SLT, observing is most important mechanism of learning.
• Vicarious reinforcement


  When an observer witnesses the model being rewarded in some way for the behaviour
• Stages of social learning

  (ARRM) - 4 cognitive processes that mediate if observation will lead to imitation.

  Attention (to models behaviour)

  Retention (of observed behaviour, so stored in memory)

  Reproduction (of behaviour)

  Motivation (to repeat behaviour because of vicarious reinforcement)
• Strength 1

  Supported by evidence - Bandura Bobo doll demonstrates Chilean who observed an aggressive model are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviour - supports idea that learning occurs through observation
• Strength 2

  Explains individual and culture differences - accounts for why behaviours vary across cultures and gender differences in behaviour as children tend to imitate models of same gender due to reinforcement and identification
• Weakness 1

  Reductionist approach - simplifies learning to observational processes and neglects role of cognitive and emotional factors in decision making eg self control may prevent them for imitating aggression
• Weakness 2

  Overemphasis of nurture - focusses on environmental factors and ignores biological eg testosterone levels have been linked to aggression - suggests behaviour not solely earned through observation