Relationships

• What does the evolutionary approach suggest about male and female reproductive strategies?


  They face different selective pressures.
• How are different reproductive strategies linked to anisogamy?


  They arise from differences in sex cell production.
• What are the male sex cells called?


  Sperm
• How are male sex cells produced compared to female sex cells?


  Males produce sperm in large quantities continuously.
• What is the female sex cell called?


  Ovum
• Why are fertile women considered a rare resource?

  They produce eggs in limited numbers.
• What is parental investment in the context of reproductive behavior?


  It refers to the biological responsibilities of parents.
• How does parental investment differ between men and women?


  Women bear and care for the child; men invest less.
• What are the consequences for women choosing a bad partner?


  They may struggle to raise their child.
• What mating strategy do males typically adopt according to evolutionary theory?


  They seek to mate with many females.
• What is intra-sexual selection?


  Competition among males for female selection.
• What is intersexual selection?


  Females choose mates based on desirable traits.
• What traits do males typically look for in females?


  Signs of fertility and nurturing characteristics.
• What traits do females typically look for in males?

  Strength, symmetry, and protective ability.
• What does the 'sexy sons hypothesis' suggest?

  Females choose males with desirable traits for sons.
• What did David Buss's survey reveal about partner preferences?

  Females value resources; males value fertility.
• What did Clark and Hatfield's study demonstrate about gender differences?

  Males are less selective than females in mating.
• What societal factors might influence female selectiveness in mating?

  Negative labeling for promiscuity.
• What methodological weaknesses exist in studies on partner preferences?

  Many studies focus on undergraduate students.
• What is a limitation of correlational research in self-disclosure studies?

  It cannot establish cause and effect.
• What is self-disclosure?

  Revealing personal information to a partner.
• How does self-disclosure affect intimacy in relationships?

  It builds trust and understanding.
• What is the importance of reciprocal self-disclosure?

  It enhances intimacy and trust between partners.
• What does Social Penetration Theory use to describe self-disclosure?

  An onion metaphor illustrating breadth and depth.
• What happens if self-disclosure is too intimate too soon?

  It may threaten the relationship's development.
• What is a potential issue with too little self-disclosure at the beginning?

  The other person may think you want friendship.
• What did Has and Hartford's research find about self-disclosure?

  57% of participants valued open self-disclosure.
• How can self-disclosure be applied in therapy?

  It can improve communication skills in couples.
• What cultural bias exists in Social Penetration Theory?

  It is based on Western, individualist cultures.
• What did Tang et al. find about self-disclosure in different cultures?

  Americans disclose more than Chinese partners.
• What is a limitation of correlational research in self-disclosure studies?

  It cannot establish cause and effect.
• What does the lack of validity in research imply for evolutionary theories?

  They may not be as credible as believed.
• What is an important feature in determining relationship formation?

  Physical attractiveness
• Why do we emphasize physical attractiveness at the start of a relationship?

  It is the first thing we notice about a person
• What evolutionary ideas help explain attraction to certain features?

  They indicate fertility and good genes
• What features do males typically look for in potential partners?

  Signs of fertility and youth
• What waist to hip ratio is typically attractive to males?

  0.7
• What do females typically look for in potential partners?

  Strength and facial symmetry
• How long does initial attractiveness remain important in a relationship according to McNulty et al. (2008)?

  For at least several years after marriage
• What does the halo effect suggest about attractive individuals?

  They are viewed more positively overall