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chemistry paper 3
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Created by
Michalina Muziol
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Cards (167)
What does the particle theory describe about states of matter?
Particles are described as
hard spheres
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What are the characteristics of particles in different states of matter?
Solid
: close together, regular patterns, vibrate about fixed positions, least stored energy
Liquid
: close together, move around each other, moderate stored energy
Gas
: far apart, random, fast in all directions, most stored energy
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What are state changes in matter?
Interconversions between
states of matter
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What happens during a state change?
Energy
is transformed,
arrangement
and movement change
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What begins to happen at a substance's melting point?
It
begins
to
melt
if
energy
is
added
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What occurs at a substance's boiling point?
It
begins
to
boil
if
energy
is
added
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What is evaporation?
Liquid to gas below
boiling point
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What is an element?
A substance made of one type of
atom
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What do all atoms in an element have in common?
Same
mass number
and
atomic number
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What is a compound?
A
substance
made of different
elements
bonded together
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What is the difference between atoms and molecules?
Atoms
exist
as
individual units
or
molecules
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What is air composed of?
Elements
and compounds like
N₂
and
H₂O
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What defines a pure substance in chemistry?
Contains only one
element
or
compound
Examples: pure water, pure hydrogen
Impure
substances: salt water
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What is the purpose of filtration?
To separate
insoluble
substances from liquids
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How does filtration work?
Filter paper
has
tiny pores
for separation
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What is crystallisation used for?
To produce solid
crystals
from a solution
Involves heating to create a
saturated solution
Crystals form as the solution cools
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What is the role of a condenser in distillation?
To cool and
condense vapour
back to
liquid
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What is the process of simple distillation?
Heat solution
Solvent
boils
Vapour passes into
condenser
Vapour cools and condenses
Solution becomes more
concentrated
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What is fractional distillation used for?
To separate
miscible liquids
Based on different
boiling points
Vapour condenses at different heights in
column
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What is the pH of acids?
Less than
7
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What do acids release in solution?
Hydrogen ions
,
H⁺(aq)
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What is the pH of alkalis?
More than
7
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What do alkalis release in solution?
Hydroxide ions
,
OH⁻
(aq)
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What is the pH scale?
Measures acidity or alkalinity
Ranges from 0 to 14
Neutral is pH 7
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What is a concentrated solution?
Has a greater amount of
dissolved solute
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How can you dilute a solution?
Add more
water
to it
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What is the ratio of acid to water in a mixture of 1cm³ of acid and 4cm³ of water?
1:4
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What is the new concentration if 1cm³ of 2 g/dm³ acid is added to 4cm³ of water?
0.33
g/dm
3
0.33 \text{ g/dm}^3
0.33
g/dm
3
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What does the indicator colour match to?
A colour chart showing pH
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How does the strength of an acid affect its pH?
The strength and concentration determine the pH
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What is the difference between concentrated and dilute solutions?
Concentrated has more
solute particles
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How can you change a concentrated solution to a dilute solution?
Add
more
water
to it
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How can you make a dilute solution more concentrated?
Add more
solute
Evaporate
some water
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What is the ratio of acid to water when 1cm³ of acid is added to 4cm³ of water?
The ratio is
1:4
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What is the new concentration when 1cm³ of 2 g/dm³ acid is diluted with 4cm³ of water?
The new concentration is
0.4
g/dm³
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Which acids are considered strong acids?
Hydrochloric acid
and
sulfuric acid
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What happens to strong acids in solution?
They
fully dissociate
into
ions
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What is the dissociation equation for hydrochloric acid?
HCl
(aq) →
H⁺
(aq) +
Cl⁻
(aq)
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What is the dissociation equation for sulfuric acid?
H₂SO₄(aq) → 2H⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq)
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How does the concentration of hydrogen ions affect pH?
Higher
concentration
lowers
the pH
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