Chapter 9

    Cards (63)

    • What is sexual reproduction?
      Fusion of two gametes producing unique offspring
    • What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?
      Increases genetic variation
    • What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
      Requires a sexual partner
    • How does sexual reproduction help populations?
      Decreases whole population vulnerability to diseases
    • What is asexual reproduction?
      Involves one parent producing identical offspring
    • What is a key advantage of asexual reproduction?
      Faster growth in a population
    • What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
      Decreases genetic variation
    • What happens during fertilisation?
      Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
    • What type of cells are gametes?
      Haploid cells with unpaired chromosomes
    • How many chromosomes do human gametes have?
      23 chromosomes
    • What is the ploidy of a zygote?
      Diploid with paired chromosomes
    • What is the female gamete called?
      Ovum
    • What is the largest cell in the human body?
      The ovum
    • What is the function of the ovum's cytoplasm?
      Food source for the developing embryo
    • What is the male gamete called?
      Sperm
    • What is a unique feature of sperm cells?
      Has a long tail for mobility
    • What is the role of mitochondria in sperm cells?
      Powers the movement of the sperm
    • What is the function of the cap in sperm cells?
      Contains enzymes to digest the ovum's coating
    • What are the structures and functions of the male reproductive system?
      • Testis: Produces sperm and hormones
      • Sperm duct: Transports sperm
      • Seminal glands: Secretes nutrients for semen
      • Penis: Directs urine and semen out
      • Urethra: Exits for urine and semen
    • What are the structures and functions of the female reproductive system?
      • Ovary: Contains follicles and produces hormones
      • Oviduct: Connects ovary to uterus; site of fertilisation
      • Uterus: Where zygote implants and develops
      • Cervix: Keeps fetus in place during gestation
      • Vagina: Receives semen during intercourse
    • What is the menstrual cycle?
      A recurring process preparing for pregnancy
    • What are the four key hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?
      1. FSH
      2. Oestrogen
      3. LH
      4. Progesterone
    • What does FSH do in the menstrual cycle?
      Stimulates maturation of follicle and ovum
    • What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?
      Stimulates thickening of the uterus lining
    • What does LH do in the menstrual cycle?
      Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production
    • What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
      Maintains thickened lining of the uterus
    • What are the steps of sexual reproduction in humans?
      1. Sperm and egg produced by meiosis
      2. Sperm travels through sperm duct
      3. Semen ejaculated into vagina
      4. Sperm swims to oviducts
      5. Fertilisation occurs if egg is present
      6. Zygote implants into uterus lining
      7. Embryo develops a placenta
      8. Placenta connects to mother via umbilical cord
    • What are the roles of the placenta?
      Provides nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal
    • What is the amniotic fluid's purpose?
      Protects the fetus against movements
    • What is testosterone's role in males?
      Triggers development of secondary sexual characteristics
    • What are some secondary sexual characteristics in males?

      Growth of facial hair and voice changes
    • What is oestrogen's role in females?
      Triggers development of secondary sexual characteristics
    • What are some secondary sexual characteristics in females?
      Development of breasts and wider hips
    • At what age do secondary sexual characteristics typically develop in males?
      Between ages 9-15
    • At what age do secondary sexual characteristics typically develop in females?
      Between ages 8-14
    • What happens to the placenta after birth?
      It is delivered during afterbirth
    • Why do fetal and maternal blood never mix?
      To prevent immune system recognition of fetus
    • Where does the exchange of materials occur in the placenta?
      In the intervillous space
    • What is the composition of amniotic fluid during early pregnancy?
      Mostly water
    • What is the composition of amniotic fluid later in pregnancy?
      Mostly urine, some hormones and nutrients
    See similar decks