States of matter

• What are the three states of matter?

  Solids, liquids, and gases
• How are particles arranged in solids?

  Particles are tightly packed in a regular arrangement
• What is the movement of particles in solids?

  Particles vibrate in place but do not move
• What is the shape and volume of solids?

  Fixed shape and volume
• How do particles behave in liquids?

  Particles are close together but can move past each other
• What is the shape and volume of liquids?

  Take the shape of the container, fixed volume
• How are particles arranged in gases?

  Particles are far apart and move freely
• What is the shape and volume of gases?

  No fixed shape or volume; expand to fill container
• What happens during melting?

  Solid changes to liquid with energy added
• What occurs during freezing?

  Liquid changes to solid with energy removed
• What is boiling?

  Liquid changes to gas with energy added
• What happens during condensation?

  Gas changes to liquid with energy removed
• What is sublimation?

  Solid changes to gas with energy added
• What occurs during deposition?

  Gas changes to solid with energy removed
• What does the kinetic theory of matter state about energy and movement?

  Energy determines the speed and movement of particles
• How do particles behave in solids, liquids, and gases?

  Solids vibrate, liquids move past each other, gases move freely
• How is density defined?

  Density is mass per unit volume
• What is the formula for density?

  Density = Mass / Volume
• How do the densities of solids, liquids, and gases compare?

  Solids > Liquids > Gases
• What are the methods of separating and purifying substances?

  1. Filtration
  2. Crystallization
  3. Distillation

  • Simple Distillation
  • Fractional Distillation

  1. Chromatography
  2. Evaporation
  3. Magnetic Separation
• What is filtration used for?

  To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
• How does the filtration process work?

  Mixture is poured through filter paper
• What is crystallization used for?

  To separate a dissolved solid from a liquid
• How does the crystallization process work?

  Liquid is heated to evaporate the solvent
• What is distillation used for?

  To separate liquids with different boiling points
• How does the distillation process work?

  Mixture is heated; lower boiling point evaporates
• What is simple distillation used for?

  For separating liquids with significantly different boiling points
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  For separating mixtures of liquids with similar boiling points
• What is chromatography used for?

  To separate substances based on solubility
• How does the chromatography process work?

  Sample applied to stationary phase, solvent moves
• What is evaporation used for?

  To separate a dissolved solid from a liquid
• What is a limitation of evaporation?

  Volatile liquids may also evaporate
• What is magnetic separation used for?

  To separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials
• How does the magnetic separation process work?

  A magnet attracts and removes magnetic material
• What is a pure substance?

  Contains only one type of particle
• How can you determine if a substance is pure?

  It has sharp, specific melting and boiling points
• What effect do impurities have on melting and boiling points?

  Lower and broaden the range of these points
• What is the melting point of pure water?

  0°C at standard pressure
• What is the boiling point of pure water?

  100°C at standard pressure
• How does impure water behave compared to pure water?

  It might melt or boil at a range of temperatures