carcinogenecity

• What is the key difference between genotoxicity and mutagenicity?

  Genotoxicity affects DNA, mutagenicity alters it
• Are all genotoxins carcinogens?

  Yes, all genotoxins are carcinogens
• What is the difference between mutagens and carcinogens?

  • Mutagens: Cause alterations in genetic material
  • Carcinogens: Induce serious mutations leading to cancer

  
• Can cancer occur without a mutation?

  No, cancer requires mutations to occur
• Can mutations occur without cancer?

  Yes, mutations can occur without cancer
• What are the primary targets of genetic damage by carcinogens?

  Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
• How does RAS function in normal cells?

  • RAS receives signals
  • Switches between active (GTP) and inactive (GDP) states

  
• What happens to mutated RAS in cells?

  It remains active and ignores signals
• What is carcinogenicity?

  The ability to produce invasive cancer cells
• How does alcohol affect carcinogen exposure?

  It dissolves fats, increasing damage potential
• What is a genotoxic carcinogen?

  A chemical causing carcinogenicity via DNA damage

  
• How does arsenic induce DNA damage?

  Through reactive oxygen species (ROS)

  
• What are non-genotoxic carcinogens?

  • Induce tumors via mechanisms other than DNA damage
  • Examples: phenobarbital, carbon tetrachloride, diethylstilbestrol

  
• What is the mechanism of non-genotoxic chemical carcinogens?

  • Induce tumors without causing DNA damage
  • Operate through alternative pathways