(3) Types of Deviant Subcultures

• What deviant subcultures did Albert Cohen study?

  delinquent boys
• Why do delinquent boys form according to Cohen?

  because of status frustration
• What did Miller say wider, lower class subcultures were based on?


  focal concerns
• What are the 5 focal concerns in a lower class subculture, according to Miller?


  • Trouble
  • Toughness
  • Smartness
  • Excitement
  • Fate
• What delinquent subculture did Jackson study?


  Ladettes
• What is a ladette?

  a young girl who behaves in a typically traditionally masculine way
• Types of deviant subcultures:

  • delinquent
  • criminal
  • anti-school
  • spectacular
  • gang
• What is the definition of a delinquent?

  a person, typically a young person, who commits a petty crime and/or is engaged in behaviour that is considered antisocial.
• What is a non-utilitarian crime?

  acts which are committed for personal benefit (no financial rewards)
• What is the definition of focal concerns?

  values or issues that are central to a subculture
• Which sociologist had theories about delinquent subcultures?

  • Albert Cohen (delinquent boys)
  • Miller (wider lower class subcultures)
  • Jackson (ladettes)
• What is the meaning of utilitarian crime?

  Utilitarian crime refers to criminal acts committed for the purpose of achieving material gain / financial gains
• What defines a criminal sub-cultures?

  being a group which engages in utilitarian crime, and usually operate in hierarchical structure
• Which 3 sociologists researched criminal sub-cultures?

  • Cloward and Ohlin (alternative career routes)
  • Venkatesh (financial rewards like businesses)
  • Densley (expansion of the drug market)
• Which sociologist stated that criminal sub-cultures offer alternative career routes to the legitimate job market?

  Cloward & Ohlin
• Cloward & Ohlin suggested that there was a illegitimate what for working class boys who join criminal sub-cultures?

  there is an “illegitimate opportunity structure”
• According to Cloward & Ohlin why is there a illegitimate opportunity structure?

  because there is a learning opportunity and career structure for young criminals
• Who stated that criminal sub-cultures were like conventional business and had hierarchy's?

  Venkatesh
• Which group did Venkatesh research about?

  the Black kings from Chicago
• Who stated that because globalisation, there has been an expansion of drug networks?

  Densley
• Who said that groups now operated on “glocal” scales and that the lines between street gangs and organised crime have been blurred?

  Densley
• Which 3 sociologist studied Spectacular subcultures?

  • Hall & Jefferson (punks)
  • Clarke (skinheads)
  • Stanley Cohen (mods & rockers)
• What defined spectacular sub-cultures?

  Highly visible and flamboyant from 1950s-70s and in the UK
• What were the traits of a punk?

  being a anarchist, a DIY attitude and deliberately offensive

  
• What were the traits of a skinhead?

  being racist, violent and football hooligans

  
• Hall & Jefferson described punks as symbolic attempts to resist the power of bourgeois hegemony.
• How did punks symbolically attempt to resist the power of bourgeois hegemony according to hall & Jefferson?

  by adopting behaviors which appeared to threaten establishments
• Clarke studied which spectacular subculture?

  Skinheads
• Clarke suggested that the skinheads represented an attempt to “magically recover the traditional working class community”
• Why did Clarke suggest skinhead subcultures were being formed?

  Economic decline
• Clarke said that due to the economic decline working class culture was being eroded so working class people created a new community named the skinheads.
• Which sociologist researched the clash between mods and rockers?

  Stanley Cohen
• Mods and Rockers were portrayed as ____ through the media. What is the missing word?

  folk devils
• Cohen suggested that mods and rockers created a moral panic in society about youth subcultures
• Name 3 sociologist who researched anti-school sub-cultures:

  • Lacey (streaming)
  • Willis (the lads)
  • Hargreaves (labeling)
• Which sociologist suggested that streaming leads to anti school subcultures forming?

  Lacey
• Lacey found that students who were placed in lower streams began to feel demotivated and branded as failures. Which lead to anti-school subcultures forming.
• What did Willis name his study which explored why working class boys did not follow school norms and values?


  Willis named his study "Learning to Labor"
• What was the reason Willis found that "the lads" didn't follow values of schools?

  they were rewarded by others for not following school values and treated negatively for achieving academic success (peer pressure)
• Willis suggested that these boys would treat academic success negatively and encourage anti school behavior because of what?


  the myth of meritocracy