layering

• What is the purpose of layers in computer networking?

  To simplify complex networking tasks
• How do different applications utilize networking?

  For tasks like web pages and email
• What is the role of encryption in networking?

  To secure users and data
• What is the function of connection to remote servers?

  To maintain open connections
• What are the two models of networking mentioned?

  Peer-to-peer and client-server models
• Why is data split into smaller packets?

  To facilitate easier transmission
• What is the purpose of sequencing packets on arrival?

  To ensure correct data order
• How are packets sent between routers on a WAN?

  Through established routing protocols
• How are frames sent between devices on a LAN?

  Using local area network protocols
• What is the function of error-checking packets?

  To request data resends if necessary
• What types of cables are used in networking?

  Fibre optic, twisted pair, coaxial
• What role does wireless technology play in networking?

  It uses frequencies and channels
• What are simplex and duplex transmissions?


  Types of data transmission methods
• What is the advantage of layering in networking?

  It reduces complexity into manageable parts
• How does layering benefit device manufacturing?

  Devices can operate at specific layers
• What is the significance of the TCP/IP protocol stack?

  It is crucial for network communication
• How do data packets interact with the TCP/IP layers?

  They pass up and down through layers
• What are the layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack?

  • Application
  • Transport
  • Network
  • Link
• What does the application layer do in TCP/IP?

  Uses protocols for data transmission
• What is the role of the transport layer in TCP/IP?

  Establishes end-to-end connections
• What does the transport layer add to each packet?

  Sequence number, total packets, port number
• What information does the network layer add to packets?

  Source and destination IP addresses
• What is a socket in networking?

  IP address plus port number
• What does the link layer manage in networking?

  The physical connection between devices
• What does the link layer add to packets?

  Source and destination MAC addresses
• How does the MAC address change during transmission?

  It changes at each hop on the route
• What is the significance of the quote about computer system analysis?

  • Highlights the complexity of analysis
  • Emphasizes potential for errors
  • Suggests success is not guaranteed
• What is the purpose of the TCP/IP stack in networking?

  To facilitate communication between devices
• How does the TCP/IP stack handle data transmission?

  By passing data through its layers
• What protocols are used in the application layer?

  HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, etc.
• What is the role of the transport layer in packet management?

  It splits data into packets
• What does the transport layer use to establish connections?

  The TCP part of the stack
• Why is it important to number packets?

  To maintain the correct order of data
• What does the network layer do with packets?

  It adds source and destination IP addresses
• What is the function of routers at the network layer?

  To determine packet destinations using IP
• What is a socket composed of?

  IP address and port number
• What does the link layer add to packets?

  Source and destination MAC addresses
• How does the MAC address function in networking?

  It identifies devices on the network
• What happens to the MAC address at each hop?

  It changes at each hop on the route
• What is the significance of the TCP/IP stack in data transmission?

  It organizes data for efficient transfer