gender alevel

• Why is the socially sensitive nature of research important to consider?

  It affects acceptance and assumptions about gender dysphoria
• How might identifying a biological cause for transsexuality benefit individuals?

  It may lead to greater acceptance of their issues
• What potential harm could arise from identifying a biological cause for gender dysphoria?

  It may lead to erroneous assumptions about inevitability
• What is the main problem with research on gender dysphoria?

  There is no single explanation for it
• What are the two distinct groups of dysphoria proposed in the research?

  • Homosexual transsexuals: attracted to the same sex
  • Non-homosexual transsexuals: attracted to the opposite sex concept
• Why do the differences between homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals suggest about explanations for dysphoria?

  Distinct explanations are needed for each group
• What does the term 'sex' refer to in biology?

  XY or XX sex chromosomes
• How is 'gender' defined?

  Psychological sense of feeling male or female
• What does 'androgyny' mean?

  Combination of male and female characteristics
• Who believed that androgyny is a psychologically healthy state?

  Sandra Bem
• What are sex-role stereotypes?

  • Differences in behavior and interests between sexes
  • Believed to be biologically determined and socially learned
  • Influenced by sex hormones like testosterone
• How do sex roles differ from specific occupational roles?

  Sex roles apply to all aspects of life
• What is a sex-role concept?

  Shared expectations about gender characteristics
• In many cultures, who is typically expected to remember birthdays?

  Women
• What is the relationship between biological sex and social aspects of sex roles?

  No direct relationship exists
• How do sex-role beliefs become stereotypes?

  When behaviors are applied as rules for all
• What are common stereotypes for femininity?

  Domestic, warm, pretty, emotional, dependent
• What are common stereotypes for masculinity?

  Competitive, unemotional, physically strong, aggressive
• How do cultural variations affect sex roles?

  Different cultures have unique sex roles
• What did Margaret Mead's study in New Guinea reveal?

  Sex roles vary significantly across cultures
• What is the cognitive process of stereotyping?

  Forming general impressions to categorize information
• How can gender stereotypes affect educational experiences?

  They can lead to differential treatment in classrooms
• What is the gender pay gap?

  Women earn 17.3% less than men
• What did Bem argue about androgyny?

  It is a balance of masculine and feminine traits
• What is the purpose of Bem's Sex Role Inventory?

  To measure levels of androgyny and gender traits
• What are the steps in the development of the BSRI?

  1. Participants rated 200 traits for desirability
  2. Selected 20 traits for males and females
  3. Included 20 gender-neutral traits
  4. Rated on a 7-point Likert scale
  5. Categorized participants into masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated
• What is a strength of the BSRI?

  Good test-retest reliability
• What did Rowland's study reveal about BSRI reliability?

  High reliability scores for masculinity and femininity
• What is a weakness of the BSRI?

  Uses self-report method
• What is the role of chromosomes in determining sex?

  XX for females, XY for males
• What happens in the absence of a Y chromosome during pregnancy?

  Ovaries develop instead of testes
• How does gender vary across cultures?

  • Gender is a social construction
  • Varies by culture and historical context
  • Some cultures have more varied gender identities
• What are Two Spirit People in Northern America?

  Individuals combining traits of both genders
• What does 'fa'afafine' refer to in Samoan culture?

  Third gender or non-binary role
• How many pairs of chromosomes does each fetus have?

  23 pairs
• What are the sex chromosomes for females?

  XX
• What are the sex chromosomes for males?

  XY
• What happens if a Y chromosome is present during pregnancy?

  Embryonic testes develop around the 10th week
• What develops in the absence of a Y chromosome?

  Ovaries will develop
• How is gender characterized?

  By masculinity or femininity