S. Class + Anti-School Subcultures

• Why might working-class youths participate in anti-school subcultures?​

  • Self-p_________ against f______
  • Gain r______ + s_____ from others
  • Resist the e________ system
  • Self-protection against failure
  • Gain respect + status from others
  • Resist the education system
• What 3 factors within skl could contribute to ppl joining anti-ski subs?

  • L________
  • P___ p_______
  • Un_________ curriculum
  • Labelling
  • Peer pressure
  • Unrelatable curriculum
• What 3 factors outside skl could contribute to ppl joining anti-ski subs?

  • Social b_________
  • P_______ support
  • O____ r_______________
  • Social b.g.
  • Parental support
  • Other responsibilities
• What is Paul Willis' famous study of WC boys?


  Learning to Labour
• What kind of study was Learning to Labour?

  Ethnographic
• Describe Learning to Labour:

  • Willis found an anti-skl sub - 'lads' - who rejected skl values + bullied pro-skl pupils
  • At the time, they assumed they would have local factory jobs after skl > saw no value in academic achievements
  • He returned when they were working in the factory + they hadn't changed
• What did Blandford (2018) say about disadvantaged students in secondary?

  They’re 2 years of learning behind well-off peers
• How can we solve the learning gap discovered by Blandford?


  Improve student’s self-belief
• Reay says that the likelihood of _______ drives WC youths to form anti-skl subs. as defence 


  Failure
• Who identified the following 3 WC subs?

  1. Academic Achievers
  2. New Enterprisers
  3. Macho Lads

  Mac-an-Ghaill
• Who studied ‘Setting/Streaming’? (HINT: strawberry l____)

  Lacey
• Why did Lacey say that streaming can lead to anti-skl subs?


  Differentiating ppl by achievement = feelings of failure in lower sets = subs form
• What did Mac an Ghaill’s study of Parnell school (1994) reveal ab. p. press?

  • WC - don’t put effort, interested in dossing around, bullied those who tried to
  • MC - tried hard in priv. but projected img of ‘effortless achievement‘ + were smug ab. it