Factors affecting eyewitness testimony: misleading info

• Who conducted the study on leading questions and eyewitness testimony in 1974?

  Loftus and Palmer
• What type of event did Loftus and Palmer use for their study?

  Film clips of car accidents
• Why is the question "About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" considered a leading question?

  It suggests a specific speed through wording
• What were the different verbs used in the critical question of Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed
• What was the mean estimated speed for the verb "contacted" in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  31.8 mph
• What was the mean estimated speed for the verb "smashed" in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  40.5 mph
• How do leading questions affect eyewitness testimony (EWT)?

  They bias the eyewitness account of events
• What does the response-bias explanation suggest about leading questions?

  They influence how participants decide to answer
• What does the substitution explanation suggest about leading questions?

  They change participants' actual memories
• What phenomenon occurs when co-witnesses discuss an event?

  Post-event discussion
• What is the effect of post-event discussion on eyewitness testimonies?

  It can contaminate their testimonies
• What did Gabbert et al. (2003) study about eyewitness testimonies?

  Post-event discussion among co-witnesses
• What was the finding of Gabbert et al. regarding participants' recall?

  71% recalled aspects not seen in the video
• What is memory conformity as described by Gabbert et al.?

  Witnesses go along with each other’s accounts
• What is a practical application of research into misleading information?

  Improving police interview techniques
• What is a limitation of Loftus and Palmer's study regarding the tasks used?

  They used artificial film clips instead of real events
• How might emotions influence memory according to the limitations of Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Emotions can affect memory accuracy
• What is the own-age bias in eyewitness testimony?

  People are more accurate identifying their age group
• What did Anastasi and Rhodes (2006) find about age and eyewitness accuracy?

  Older people are less accurate than younger people
• What is a limitation of using younger participants in research studies?

  It may misrepresent older people's accuracy
• What do Zaragoza and McCloskey (1989) argue about lab studies of EWT?

  They are affected by demand characteristics
• Why are demand characteristics a problem in EWT studies?

  Participants may guess to please researchers
• What is the consequence of eyewitness testimony in real-world situations?

  It can have serious implications
• How does the accuracy of EWT in research studies compare to real-world situations?

  Research may underestimate EWT reliability