Schaffer’s stages of attachment

• Who conducted the study on early attachments?

  Rudolf Schaffer and Peggy Emerson
• What was the main aim of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  To investigate the formation of early attachments
• How many babies were involved in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  60 babies
• What was the demographic of the babies in the study?

  From Glasgow, mostly skilled working-class families
• How often were the babies and their mothers visited during the study?

  Every month for the first year
• What types of anxiety were assessed in the study?

  Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
• What was the purpose of measuring separation anxiety in the study?

  To measure the infant's attachment
• What age range did the study find significant attachment development?

  Between 25 and 32 weeks of age
• What are the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer and Emerson?

  1. Asocial stage (first few weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months)
  3. Specific attachment (around 7 months)
  4. Multiple attachments (after 9 months)
• What is a limitation of the sample in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  All families were from the same district
• Why is the longitudinal design of the study considered a strength?

  It avoids confounding variables of individual differences
• What is a potential issue with the asocial stage of attachment?

  Observable behavior is very limited
• What did Bowlby argue about children's attachment figures?

  Children have playmates as well as attachment figures
• What is a criticism of how multiple attachments are assessed?

  Distress does not confirm true attachment
• What did critics say about the behavioral measures used in the study?

  They are too crude as measures of attachment
• What are the key terms related to attachment in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  • Stages of attachment: Sequence of behaviors linked to age
  • Multiple attachments: Attachments to two or more people
• What is the significance of the study's findings regarding multiple attachments?

  Most babies develop multiple attachments after one main attachment
• What cultural context did some psychologists argue affects attachment formation?

  Collectivist cultures where families work together
• What is the main conclusion about the timing of multiple attachments?

  It is unclear when multiple attachments develop
• What did Schaffer and Emerson's study reveal about attachment behavior in infants?

  Infants show different behaviors as they age
• How did Schaffer and Emerson collect data on attachment?

  Through observations and mothers' reports
• What is the significance of the study's external validity?

  Participants behaved naturally in their homes
• What is a key characteristic of the longitudinal design used in the study?

  Same children observed over time
• What does the term 'asocial stage' refer to in attachment development?

  First few weeks with limited observable behavior
• What is the role of the primary attachment figure according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  To provide a secure base for the infant
• What did Schaffer and Emerson find about the percentage of infants showing separation anxiety towards their biological mother?

  65% showed separation anxiety
• What is the implication of the findings regarding attachment figures and playmates?

  Distress does not confirm attachment status
• What is the significance of the study's findings on attachment behavior in infants?

  It highlights the complexity of attachment development
• How did Schaffer and Emerson's study contribute to the understanding of attachment?

  It identified stages of attachment development
• What is the main criticism regarding the cultural context of the study?

  Results may not generalize to other cultures
• What did Schaffer and Emerson's study reveal about the timing of attachment development?

  Attachments develop at different ages
• What is the significance of the study's findings on multiple attachments?

  Most babies develop multiple attachments after one main attachment
• What did Schaffer and Emerson's study reveal about the role of the caregiver?

  Caregivers influence attachment development
• What is the implication of the findings regarding attachment behavior in infants?

  It highlights the complexity of attachment development
• Who conducted the study on early attachments?

  Rudolf Schaffer and Peggy Emerson
• What was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  To investigate the formation of early attachments
• How many babies were involved in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  60 babies
• What was the gender distribution of the babies in the study?

  31 male and 29 female
• Where were the babies in the study from?

  Glasgow
• What socioeconomic background did most of the babies come from?

  Skilled working-class families