yr 13

• What are esters typically characterized as?

  Non-polar compounds
• What do esters readily react with to form carboxylic acids and alcohols?

  Acid and base catalysts
• What are the basic esterification conditions?

  NaOH, KOH, RO⁻Na⁺ etc.
• What are the acid esterification conditions?

  H⁺, H₂SO₄ etc.
• What is esterification?

  • Process of forming esters
  • Involves reaction of acids and alcohols
  • Can occur under basic or acidic conditions
• What should be included in the balanced equation for esterification?

  Process and reagents
• What does the result of the balanced equation for esterification indicate?

  It shows the reactants and products
• How are aldehydes and ketones named?

  By their functional groups
• What is the mechanism for the reduction of aldehydes?

  • Involves addition of hydrogen
  • Converts aldehydes to primary alcohols
  • Typically uses reducing agents like NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄
• What happens during the reduction of aldehydes?

  Aldehydes are converted to primary alcohols
• How do aldehydes react with nucleophiles?

  They undergo nucleophilic addition reactions
• How do ketones react with nucleophiles?

  They also undergo nucleophilic addition reactions
• What type of reaction is an optical isomer?

  It is a stereoisomerization reaction
• What are the types of acid anhydrides?

  • Symmetrical acid anhydrides
  • Asymmetrical acid anhydrides
• What is significant about long-chain fatty acids and esters?

  They are the only significant types
• What are acyl chlorides?

  They are derivatives of carboxylic acids