Free Will and Determinism

• What does free will refer to?

  Active role and choice in behavior
• How does the Humanistic Approach view free will?

  It promotes control over personal development
• Who are two key humanistic psychologists mentioned?

  Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
• What is necessary for healthy self-development according to humanistic psychologists?

  Self-determination
• What did Rogers claim about control over behavior?

  Control by others prevents responsibility and change
• What does determinism assume about free will?

  Free will is an illusion
• What is biological determinism?

  Behavior is determined by genes and neurochemistry
• What did Chorley et al. (1998) find regarding intelligence?

  Association between intelligence and IGF2r gene
• How can brain physiology affect behavior?

  Damage to specific areas alters behavior
• What does environmental determinism state?

  Behavior is influenced by external forces
• Who are key figures associated with environmental determinism?

  Bandura, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, Rayner
• How does the behaviorist approach explain behavior determination?

  Through classical and operant conditioning
• What did Bandura (1961) find about children with violent parents?

  They are more likely to become violent
• What does psychic determinism suggest about adult behavior?

  It is influenced by childhood experiences
• What are the components of Freud's model of psychological development?

  Id, ego, and superego
• What can fixation during childhood stages lead to?

  Influences on adult personality and behavior
• How does Freud's theory connect adult behavior to childhood experiences?

  Through unresolved conflicts in psychosexual stages
• What does hard determinism state?

  Behavior is shaped by forces outside control
• What is soft determinism?

  Behavior is constrained but includes free will
• What is the goal of scientific research in behavior?

  To establish cause and effect relationships
• What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) manipulate in their research?

  Words used in a leading question
• What does moral responsibility imply?

  Individuals can exercise free will over actions
• What is a weakness of biological and environmental determinism?

  Contradictory research findings
• What do identical twin studies suggest about determinism?

  Behavior influenced by both genetics and environment
• What did Libet et al. (1983) find about decision-making?

  Brain activity precedes conscious awareness of decisions
• How does humanistic psychology view free will in therapy?

  It empowers clients to effect change
• What is the significance of practical applications of free will?

  Supports autonomy and personal responsibility