SCHIZ

• What type of disorder is schizophrenia?

  Psychotic disorder
• What symptoms do sufferers of schizophrenia experience?

  Positive and negative symptoms
• How do positive symptoms affect the experience of sufferers?

  They enhance the typical experience
• What do negative symptoms represent in schizophrenia?

  A loss of typical experiences
• What is a characteristic of hallucinations?

  Distorted perception of real stimuli
• What type of hallucinations may sufferers experience?

  Auditory hallucinations
• What is thought to cause auditory hallucinations?

  Excess of dopamine receptors
• What are delusions in schizophrenia?

  Beliefs with no basis in reality
• What is speech poverty in schizophrenia?

  Low frequency and quality of speech
• What is 'derailment' in the context of speech poverty?

  Inability to suppress automatic associations
• What does avolition refer to in schizophrenia?

  Reduction in interests and goals
• What are the two main classification systems for mental disorders?

  DSM-V and ICD-10
• How do the DSM and ICD differ in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  They require different symptoms for diagnosis
• What is required for a schizophrenia diagnosis in DSM-5?

  One or more positive symptoms
• What is required for a schizophrenia diagnosis in ICD-10?

  Two or more negative symptoms
• What does reliability refer to in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Consistency of diagnosis among psychiatrists
• What did Elie Cheniaux et al. find about inter-rater reliability?

  It was poor among psychiatrists
• What cultural bias was found in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  US psychiatrists diagnosed more than British ones
• What does validity refer to in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Accuracy of diagnosis representing real disorders
• What did Peter Buckley et al. conclude about schizophrenia diagnoses?

  Many also have depression or substance abuse
• What is a weakness of schizophrenia diagnosis outcomes?

  They vary significantly among individuals
• What factors are more important than diagnosis in schizophrenia prognosis?

  Gender and psycho-social factors
• How are classification manuals improving over time?

  They are regularly updated with new evidence
• What cultural differences may affect schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Western clinicians misinterpret cultural behaviors
• How might hallucinations be perceived differently in African cultures?

  They may be seen as acceptable communication
• What gender bias exists in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Women are more likely to be diagnosed
• What did Broverman argue about DSM criteria?

  It pathologizes healthy female behavior
• What did Loring and Powell find regarding gender bias in diagnosis?

  More females were diagnosed than males
• What was the aim of Rosenhan's study?

  To test if psychiatrists can distinguish sanity
• What was the method used in Rosenhan's study?

  Field experiment with pseudo-patients
• What symptoms did pseudo-patients report in Rosenhan's study?

  Hearing voices saying "empty", "hollow", "thud"
• How long did pseudo-patients stay in hospitals?

  Between 7 and 52 days
• What is a biological explanation of schizophrenia?

  Genetics play a significant role
• What did Gottesman find regarding MZ twins and schizophrenia?

  48% concordance rate for schizophrenia
• What did Joseph find about concordance rates in twins?

  MZ twins had 40%, DZ twins 7.4%
• What do adoption studies show about schizophrenia risk?

  Biological children are at greater risk
• What is a criticism of twin studies in schizophrenia research?

  Concordance rates are not 100%
• What is a strength of family studies in schizophrenia?

  They help identify genetic predispositions
• What is a limitation of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia?

  It is too biologically deterministic
• What does the dopamine hypothesis state?

  Excess dopamine causes positive symptoms