orgchem

• What are alkyl halides also known as?

  Organohalides
• What is the general structure of alkyl halides?

  R-X where X = F, Cl, Br, I
• How are alcohols derived from hydrocarbons?

  By replacing a hydrogen with a hydroxyl group
• What is the functional group in alcohols?

  Hydroxyl group (—OH)
• What are phenols characterized by?

  Hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring
• Why are phenols somewhat soluble in water?

  Because they are polar compounds
• What is another name for phenols?

  Carbolic acid
• What distinguishes thiols from alcohols?

  Thiols have sulfur instead of oxygen
• What is the functional group in thiols?

  Mercapto group (—SH)
• What is the general formula for ethers?

  R-O-R’
• What do aldehydes contain?

  Carbonyl group (C=O) with hydrogen
• How are ketones characterized?

  By having carbonyl group attached to two carbons
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  Carboxyl group (—COOH)
• How are esters formed?

  From carboxylic acids and alcohols or phenols
• What is the general formula for amines?

  R-NH2
• How are amines classified?

  By the number of carbons bonded to nitrogen
• What are the types of amines?

  Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
• What is a carboxylic acid anhydride?

  Derived from two carboxylic acids removing water
• What is the functional group in nitriles?

  Cyano group (—C=N)
• How are simple acyclic nitriles named?

  By adding –nitrile to the alkane name
• What is the structure of amides?

  R-CO-NH2
• What do amides contain that is significant?

  Oxygen bonded to the same carbon as nitrogen