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Subdecks (1)
chemical analysis tests
chemistry paper 2
19 cards
Cards (236)
What is potable water?
Water that's safe for
humans
to drink
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Why do chemists not consider potable water pure?
It contains dissolved substances besides
H₂O
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What are the acceptable pH levels for potable water?
Between
6.5
and
8.5
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What must not be present in potable water?
Bacteria or other
harmful
microbes
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What is fresh water?
Water with low levels of
dissolved substances
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How does rainwater collect as surface water?
In
lakes
,
rivers
, and
reservoirs
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What is the primary source of domestic water in warm areas of the UK?
Groundwater
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What is the first step in treating fresh water?
Filtration
to remove
large particles
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What are the steps involved in treating fresh water?
Filtration
Wire mesh
screens out large debris
Gravel and sand
filter out solids
Sterilization
Kills
harmful bacteria
and microbes
Methods:
chlorine gas
, ozone,
ultraviolet light
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What is desalination?
Treating
seawater
to produce
potable
water
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How can seawater be desalinated?
By
distillation
or
reverse osmosis
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What is the purpose of adding fluoride to water?
To promote
dental health
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Why is the addition of fluoride controversial?
People
have
no
choice over its
consumption
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What is the first step in testing water's pH?
Using a pH
meter
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How can sodium ions be tested in water?
By performing a
flame test
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What indicates the presence of chloride ions in water?
A white
precipitate
forms with
silver nitrate
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What happens during the distillation of salty water?
Water boils, leaving
salts
behind
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What is the purpose of the condenser in distillation?
To condense
steam
back into liquid water
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What is reverse osmosis?
A process using
membranes
to filter water
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Why are distillation and reverse osmosis expensive?
They require a lot of
energy
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What is waste water?
Water used for various
domestic
purposes
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What happens to waste water from homes?
It goes to
sewage treatment
plants
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What types of waste water come from agriculture?
Nutrient
run-off
and
slurry
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Why must sewage be treated before release?
To remove
organic matter
and harmful
microbes
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What is the Haber Process?
An
industrial
process producing waste water
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What are the stages of sewage treatment?
Screening
Removes large materials and
grit
Sedimentation
Heavier solids sink to form
sludge
Aerobic digestion
Air is pumped to encourage bacteria
Anaerobic digestion
Breaks down sludge, releasing methane
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What is the purpose of anaerobic digestion in sewage treatment?
To break down sludge and produce
methane
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What can methane gas from anaerobic digestion be used for?
As an
energy source
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What additional treatments may be needed for toxic waste water?
Adding
chemicals
,
UV radiation
, or
membranes
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Why is sewage treatment more energy-efficient than desalination?
It requires fewer
processes
and less energy
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What is a common concern about drinking recycled sewage water?
People
dislike
the
idea
of
it
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What is required for particles to react according to collision theory?
Particles must collide with enough
energy
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What does the collision frequency refer to?
How often
reacting particles
collide
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How does doubling the collision frequency affect the reaction rate?
It doubles the rate of the reaction
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What is the minimum energy needed for particles to react called?
Activation energy
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How can the rate of reaction be increased according to the study material?
By increasing
collisions
or
energy of particles
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What factors affect the rate of reaction?
Temperature
Concentration
of
solution
or
pressure
of
gas
Surface area of
solid reactants
Presence
of a
catalyst
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How does increasing temperature affect reaction rates?
Particles
move faster and collide more frequently
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What happens when the concentration of a solution is increased?
More
particles
are present in the same volume
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How does increasing surface area affect reaction rates?
More area allows for more frequent
collisions
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See all 236 cards
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