Depression

• • approximately 280 million people in world have depression
  • prevalence of depression in adults in UK is around 4.5%
• Depression

  a common mood disorder ( 2+ 3% of uk population)
• Different types

  1. major (unipoplar) depression : reactive or endogenous
  2. manic depression (bipolar)
  3. season affective disorder
• what are the three category for symptoms?

  Behavioural

  emotional

  cognitive
• emotional

  • continuously low mood
  • feeling hopeless
  • low self esteem
  • feeling tearful
• behavioural

  • changes in appetite
  • lack of energy
  • low sex drive
  • moving or speaking slower then usual
• Cognitive

  • persistant negative belief
  • feeling anxious
  • suicidal thoughts
  • difficult to keep concentration
• cognitive explanation for depression
• cognitive bias

  focuses on identifying, disputing and replacing faulty

  criteria followed

  • arbitrary interference
  • selective abstracting -> focus on one thing
  • over generalisation -> one thing is bad everything is bad
  • maximising negative
  • minimising positives
• two types of explanations

  • becks negative triad
  • ABC model by ellis
• Becks negative triad

  • proposed by Beck 3 kinds of negative thinking -> depression

  1. Negative views about world
  2. negative views about future
  3. negative views about self

  • Negative self schema
  • faulty information processing
• Negative self schema

  • ideas and information developed through experience
  • Act as mental framework for interpretation of sensory information
  • Everyone has a self schema
  • If have a negative schema -> view world negatively
• example of a schema

  A dog

  • barks-> loud
  • tail wags
  • fluffy
  • big
• faulty information processing

  • attend to negative aspects of situation and ignore positives
  • for example you win 1 million but all you think is that the person the week before won 10 million
• ABC model by Ellis

  1. activation event -> bad exam result
  2. belief -> rational/irrational belief
  3. consequent -> pos or neg emotional response
• Musterbation? why people are unhappy

  • problem of high expectation and the lack of rational emotive thinking

  for me to be happy

  • everyone MUST like me
  • life MUST be easy
  • I MUST be successful

  if don't achieve....

  consequence -> irrational belief eg (failure)
• Alternate explanation for depression

  • biological -> genetic/ neural
  • Behavioural -> learned through operant conditioning
  • psychodynamic -> repressed childhood trauma
• TREATING DEPRESSION
• Two treatments

  • cognitive behaviour treatment (CBT)
  • rational emotive behaviour therapy(REBT)
• what is CBT?

  1. therapist identifies faulty, irrational cognitions
  2. therapist helps client to accept that theses are not true
  3. irrational thought replaces with positive, rational thought

  • focuses mainly on present situation
  • change the way someone thinks
  • use a diary and homework
• What is REBT?

  • we are not disturbed by things but rather our irrational view of things causes emotional distress and subsequent behaviour disorder

  1. aim to identify and challenge irrational thought
  2. intervention using ABCDE framework
  3. psychoeducation -> learning about psychology
  4. Behaviour activation and pleasant event scheduling
  5. hypothesis theory -> empirical evidence proof them wrong
• Treating depression
• Becks cognitive therapy

  • cognitive therapy is to identify automatic thoughts about the world the self and the future -> negative triad
  • Once identified must be challenged -> central component of therapy
  • Aims to help client test the reality of negative beliefs
  • Might be set homework such as record when they enjoyed an event
  • Referred to as the client scientist investigating reality of their negative belief
  • Can produce evidence to prove client wrong