B7 Non communicable diseases

• What is uncontrolled mitosis?


  Cells replicate uncontrollably
• What results from uncontrolled mitosis?


  Formation of a tumour
• What is the cell cycle?


  The life cycle of a cell
• How many stages are in the cell cycle?


  Three stages
• How do cancer treatments work?


  They stop uncontrolled mitosis
• What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?


  • Benign: contained, not harmful, do not invade
  • Malignant: cancerous, invade tissues, spread
• What causes cancer?


  Uncontrolled division of abnormal cells
• What are malignant tumours?


  Cancer cells that invade and spread
• What are benign tumours?


  Growths of abnormal cells in one area
• What are lifestyle risk factors for cancer?


  Smoking, obesity, alcohol
• How does smoking affect cancer risk?


  Can cause lung and mouth cancer
• How does obesity affect cancer risk?


  Can cause liver and kidney cancer
• How does alcohol affect cancer risk?


  Can cause liver cancer
• What are genetic risk factors for cancer?


  Inherited genes from parents
• What are the characteristics of benign and malignant tumours?


  • Benign:
  • Not deadly
  • Stay in one place
  • Malignant:
  • Considered cancer
  • Spread rapidly through bloodstream
• What is cervical cancer?


  Cancer that develops in the cervix
• What causes cervical cancer?


  Human papilloma virus (HPV)
• How is HPV transmitted?


  Through sexual contact
• What are some risks of cervical cancer?


  HPV, smoking, STIs, obesity
• How can cervical cancer be prevented?


  Using condoms and HPV vaccinations
• What is the purpose of cervical smear tests?


  Routine tests for women over 25
• What are the types of cancer mentioned?


  • Cervical cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Skin cancer
  • Lung cancer
  • Testicular cancer
• What is breast cancer?


  Cancer that develops in the breast tissue
• What are the types of skin cancer?


  Melanoma and non-melanoma
• What is lung cancer?


  Cancer that develops in the lungs
• What is testicular cancer?


  Cancer that develops in a man's testicles
• What are the risks associated with skin cancer?


  Sun exposure, fair skin, age
• How can skin cancer be prevented?


  Use sun protection and avoid sunbeds
• What is brain cancer?


  Cancer that develops in the brain
• How do malignant tumours spread throughout the body?


  Via the bloodstream
• What is the significance of fair skin in cancer risk?


  Higher risk of skin cancer
• What is the role of mutations in cell growth?


  They cause cells to grow uncontrollably
• What are common treatments for cancer?


  Chemotherapy and radiation
• Why is it hard to treat cancer without damaging healthy cells?


  Cancer treatments affect all rapidly dividing cells
• What does Figure 1 show in the study material?

  A malignant tumour in the trachea
• How does a malignant tumour differ from a benign tumour?

  Malignant spreads and forms secondary tumours
• What happens to cells when a tumour forms?

  They replicate via uncontrolled mitosis
• What evidence suggests the tumour in the lung is malignant?

  It has spread to other parts of the lungs
• What is tar?

  A sticky black substance from burning materials
• What are the long-term effects of tar on smokers?

  Yellow stains on fingers and smokers cough