Bonding, Structure, and The Properties of Matter

• What are compounds?

  Substances with 2 or more elements combined
• How many types of strong chemical bonds are there?

  Three types
• What are the three types of strong chemical bonds?

  Ionic, covalent, and metallic
• What are the particles in ionic bonds?

  Oppositely charged ions
• In which compounds do ionic bonds occur?

  Metals combined with non-metals
• What defines covalent bonding?

  Atoms share pairs of electrons
• Where does covalent bonding occur?

  In most non-metallic elements and compounds
• What is the nature of metallic bonding?

  Atoms share delocalised electrons

  
• In which materials does metallic bonding occur?

  In metallic elements and alloys
• What happens to electrons in ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred from metal to non-metal
• What charge do metal atoms acquire in ionic bonding?

  They become positively charged ions
• What charge do non-metal atoms acquire in ionic bonding?

  They become negatively charged ions
• What is an ion?

  An atom that has lost or gained electrons
• Which groups of elements produce ions in ionic bonding?

  Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7
• What electronic structure do ions achieve in ionic bonding?

  Same as a noble gas
• How can electron transfer in ionic compounds be represented?

  By a dot and cross diagram

  
• What is the structure of ionic compounds?

  A giant structure of ions
• What holds ionic compounds together?

  Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
• How do the forces in ionic compounds act?

  In every direction due to 3D structure
• What is covalent bonding characterized by?

  Atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons
• Name some small molecules with strong covalent bonds.

  HCl, H2, O2, Cl2, NH3, CH4
• What are polymers?

  Large covalently bonded molecules
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Many atoms covalently bonded in a lattice
• How can covalent substances be represented in diagrams?

  Dot and cross, ball and stick, 3D diagrams
• What does metallic bonding consist of?

  Positive ions and delocalised electrons

  
• What is the arrangement of positive ions in metallic bonding?

  In a regular pattern
• What is the delocalised electron system in metals?

  Electrons lost from atoms forming positive ions
• What is the mobility of delocalised electrons in metallic bonding?

  They are free to move through the structure
• Why are metallic bonds considered strong?

  Delocalised electrons are shared throughout the structure
• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What occurs at the melting point?

  Melting and freezing take place
• What occurs at the boiling point?

  Boiling and condensing take place
• How does particle theory explain state changes?

  It explains melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing
• What does the energy needed to change state depend on?

  Strength of forces between particles
• What influences the nature of the particles in a substance?

  Type of bonding and structure of the substance
• How do stronger forces between particles affect melting and boiling points?

  Higher melting and boiling points
• What are the limitations of the simple particle model?

  No forces, particles as spheres, spheres are solid
• How are the states of matter represented in chemical equations?

  Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous (aq)
• What structure do ionic compounds have?

  Regular structures (giant ionic lattices)
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  Strong bonds require a lot of energy to break