Breast 1

• What is the most common cancer in the UK?

  Breast cancer
• How many women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year in the UK?

  Around 55,500 women
• What is the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer for women in the UK?

  1 in 7 women
• What percentage of all newly diagnosed cancers in the UK are breast cancer?

  15%
• How have breast cancer incidence rates changed since the early 1990s?

  Increased by around a sixth (18%)
• Which ethnic group has a higher risk of breast cancer?

  White women
• What age group is most likely to develop breast cancer?

  Over the age of 50
• What reproductive factors increase breast cancer risk?

  Early menarche and late menopause
• How does breastfeeding affect breast cancer rates?

  Lower rates in women who breastfeed
• What lifestyle factors are associated with breast cancer risk?

  Alcohol and smoking
• What is the role of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in cancer?

  They protect cells from mutation
• What happens if TSGs malfunction?

  Allows mutation to proceed to cancer
• What is a proto-oncogene?

  A gene involved in normal cell growth
• What can mutations in proto-oncogenes lead to?

  Uncontrolled cell growth
• What are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?

  They are tumor suppressor genes
• What is the risk of developing breast cancer for women with faulty BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes?

  About 70% by age 80
• How is breast cancer classified?

  By type, TNM, grade, and receptor status
• What are the types of breast cancer?

  • Non-Invasive: DCIS, LCIS
  • Invasive: Invasive Breast Cancer (NST), Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer, Triple Negative, Inflammatory Breast Cancer, Paget's Disease
• What is Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)?

  Abnormal cells confined to ducts
• What is Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)?

  Abnormal cells in breast lobules
• What characterizes Invasive Breast Cancer?

  Cancer spreads into surrounding tissue
• What is the most common type of invasive breast cancer?

  Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (NST)
• What is Inflammatory Breast Cancer?

  Cancer blocks lymph channels, causing inflammation
• What is Paget's Disease of the breast?

  Develops in the nipple or areola
• What is the purpose of TNM staging in breast cancer?

  To classify the extent of cancer
• What are the acute and late toxicities of breast cancer treatment?

  • Acute toxicities: Skin irritation, fatigue, nausea
  • Late toxicities: Fibrosis, lymphedema, secondary cancers
• What are the management modalities for breast cancer?

  • Surgery
  • Radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Hormone therapy
  • Targeted therapies
• What are the learning objectives regarding breast cancer?

  • Describe epidemiology and aetiology
  • Understand histology, staging, grading, and spread
  • Discuss oncological management
• What percentage of breast cancer cases are Triple Negative?

  1 to 5%
• What happens to lymph fluid in Triple Negative breast cancer?

  Lymph fluid is unable to drain
• What are the symptoms of Triple Negative breast cancer?

  Tissue and skin become red and inflamed
• What is Paget’s disease of the breast?

  Develops in the nipple or areola
• How common is Paget’s disease in breast cancer cases?

  1 to 4 out of every 100
• What is a common sign of Paget’s disease?

  Itchy, red inflammation
• What is the prognosis for Paget’s disease?

  9 out of 10 cases are invasive cancer
• What are the types of breast cancer?

  • Non-Invasive: DCIS, LCIS
  • Invasive: NST (70%), Invasive lobular (2nd most common)
  • Other: Triple negative (15%), Inflammatory, Paget's disease, Angiosarcoma, BC in men
• What does TNM stand for in breast cancer staging?

  Tumour Nodes Metastasis
• What does TX indicate in TNM staging?

  Tumour size can't be assessed
• What does Tis represent in TNM staging?

  DCIS or Paget's disease
• What is the size classification for T1 in TNM staging?

  Less than 2 cm