Immunology

• What is an antigen?

  A substance that triggers an immune response
• What types of molecules are antigens often composed of?

  Proteins or polysaccharides
• What are the properties of antigens that affect immune response?

  • Complexity of the pathogen
  • Quantity of the antigen
  • Route of administration
  • Genetic makeup of the host
• How does the complexity of an antigen affect its immune response?

  Complex antigens produce a stronger response
• How does the quantity of antigen influence the immune response?

  A larger quantity generates a stronger response
• How does the route of administration affect antigenicity?

  Different routes elicit different immune responses
• How does the genetic makeup of the host affect antigenicity?

  Different genetics lead to varied responses
• What are epitopes?

  Specific sites on antigens recognized by the immune system
• What are antibodies also known as?

  Immunoglobulins or Ig
• What is the structure of antibodies?

  Y-shaped with antigen binding sites
• Why is the antigen-binding site of an antibody variable?

  To bind to millions of different antigens
• What are the applications of monoclonal antibodies?

  Therapeutics, diagnostics, and research
• What triggers can activate the immune system?

  • Antigens
  • Tissue damage
  • Autoimmune responses
  • Allergens
  • Chemicals or toxins
• What are the principles of the ELISA test?

  1. Monoclonal antibodies made against a specific antigen
  2. Antibodies attached to a solid support
  3. Sample added to wells
  4. Antigen binds to antibody if present
  5. Additional enzyme-coupled antibodies added
  6. Enzyme produces a colored product
  7. Color intensity indicates antigen concentration
• What triggers activate the innate and adaptive immune systems?

  Innate Immunity:

  • PAMPs
  • DAMPs
  • Cytokines

  
  

  Adaptive Immunity:

  • Antigens
  • T cells
  • B cells
• What is an epitope?

  The specific part of an antigen that binds to antibodies
• How do antibodies confer protection against pathogens?

  1. Attach proteins to help T cells
  2. Helper T cells recognize antigens
  3. Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells
  4. Add platinum salts for helper T cell function
• What are the principles of a specific antigen test?

  1. Monoclonal antibodies bind to antigen
  2. Antigen accumulates in upper wells
  3. Mobility separates antigens
  4. Add substrate for enzyme change
  5. Positive result shown by color change