week 7

• Who conducted the Bobo Doll study?

  Bandura et al.
• What age group participated in Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  4 and 5 year olds
• How many conditions were there in the Bobo Doll study?

  Four conditions
• What was the first condition in Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  Adult was aggressive towards the doll (live)
• What was the second condition in Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  Adult was aggressive towards the doll (video)
• What was the third condition in Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  Adult was aggressive towards the doll (cartoon)
• What was the fourth condition in Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  Control condition
• What theory did Bandura develop in 1977?

  Social Learning Theory
• What is one factor influencing aggression according to Social Learning Theory?

  Previous experiences of aggressive behavior
• What is another factor influencing aggression according to Social Learning Theory?

  Success of aggressive behavior in the past
• What does the current likelihood of aggression depend on?

  Rewards or punishments for aggressive behavior
• What are the cognitive, social, and environmental factors in aggression?

  A complex array of influencing factors
• What type of study did Straus et al. conduct in 2003?

  Longitudinal study
• What was recorded in the Straus et al. study?

  Frequency of child spanking
• What relationship was found in the Straus et al. study?

  Positive relationship between spanking and anti-social behavior
• What was observed about children who were not spanked?

  Showed less anti-social behavior after 2 years
• Who conducted the modelling study in 1978?

  Rushton & Teachman
• What is the Bystander Effect?

  Less likely to help in groups
• What happens as the number of bystanders increases?

  Less likely anyone will help
• What defines an emergency situation?

  Involves danger and requires instant action
• What is diffusion of responsibility?

  Passing responsibility to others present
• What is audience inhibition?

  Fear of social blunder
• What does social influence refer to in the Bystander Effect?

  Passive behavior of others as a model
• What was the key study by Latane & Darley in 1968 about?

  Smoke-filled room experiment
• What percentage of people took action when alone in the smoke study?

  75%
• What percentage of people took action with two strangers in the smoke study?

  38%
• What percentage of people took action with two passive confederates in the smoke study?

  10%
• What did Bryan & Test study in 1967?

  Modelling in helping behavior
• In Bryan & Test's study, what was the condition where drivers were more likely to help?

  Condition 1 with a helping model
• How much more likely were drivers in Condition 1 to help?

  50% more likely
• What did Hornstein study in 1970?

  Modeling behavior in helping
• What was the outcome when participants observed a pleased model helping?

  Helped more than those with displeased models
• What are the key elements to answer an SAQ effectively?

  • Address all elements of the question
  • Support points with references
  • Show evidence of wider reading
• What are the strategies to reduce bystander behavior and promote recycling?

  1. Increase awareness of recycling benefits
  2. Create a sense of community responsibility
  3. Encourage active participation in recycling programs
• Who is the author of the lecture overview for PSA521?

  Dr Daniel J. A. Rhind
• What is the main topic of Chapter 13 in Hogg & Vaughan?

  Aggression and prosocial behavior
• What is one definition of aggression according to Scherer et al. (1975)?

  Behaviour intended to harm another
• What does Bandura (1973) define aggression as?

  Behaviour resulting in personal injury or property destruction
• What are the methods for operationalizing aggression?

  1. Analogues of behaviour (e.g., punching a doll)
  2. Signal of intention (express willingness to use violence)
  3. Self-ratings
  4. Rated by others
  5. Indirect (spreading rumours)
• What hypothesis did Dollard et al. propose in 1939?

  Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis