vertebrate groups

• Where may life on Earth have evolved?

  In water
• What is a major problem for terrestrial organisms?

  Water evaporation from body surfaces
• Why must gas exchange surfaces be moist?

  To allow gas molecules to pass through
• How do animals overcome water loss at gas exchange surfaces?

  By evolving different methods for gas exchange
• What are the gas exchange structures in insects?

  Tracheae
• How do lungs minimize water loss in vertebrates?

  They are internal structures
• What is the role of lungs in vertebrates?

  Allow gas exchange with air
• What types of animals are amphibians?

  Frogs, toads, and newts
• How do amphibians perform gas exchange?

  Through skin and lungs
• What is a characteristic of reptile lungs?

  More complex internal structure
• Why do bird lungs process large volumes of oxygen?

  Flight requires a lot of energy
• How do birds ventilate their lungs?

  Using ribs and flight muscles
• What are the key adaptations of amphibians for gas exchange?

  • Moist and permeable skin
  • Well-developed capillary network
  • Gas exchange through skin and lungs
• What are the key adaptations of reptiles for gas exchange?

  • Complex lung structure
  • Increased surface area for gas exchange
• What are the key adaptations of birds for gas exchange?

  • Efficient ventilation without a diaphragm
  • Ability to process large volumes of oxygen