Lesson 1 &2

• Archipelagic Nature


  increases susceptibility to storm surges, tsunamis and sea level changes
• Hazards


  elements of the physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him
• Hazard


  source of potential harm of situation with a potential to cause loss
• Exposure


  refers to the element at risk from the natural or man-made hazard events
• Vulnerability


  characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effect of a hazard
• Disaster


  a sudden, calamitous event, bringing great damage, loss destruction and devastation of life and property
• 2 Types of Disaster

  • Natural
  • Human-Made
• Disaster


  serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
• Elements at Risk and Exposed to Hazards

  • People
  • Facilities and services
  • Livelihood
  • Environment
• Disaster Risk


  defined as the probability that a community's structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of its nature, construction and proximity to a hazardous area
• Disaster Risk Management


  range of activities that contribute to increasing capacities and reducing immediate and long-term vulnerabilities to prevent or at least minimize damaging impact in a community
• Classification of Disasters

  • Major
  • Minor
• Natural Disaster


  originate from different forces of nature
• Geological


  originates from the solid earth geosphere
• Meteorological


  originates from sky
• Hydrometeorological


  involved with the atmosphere and hydrosphere
• Biological


  conveyed by biological vectors or agents
• Human-Made Disaster


  occurs due to the people's actions against human, materials and environment
• Risk Factors Underlying Disasters

  1. Severity of Exposure
  2. Gender and Family
  3. Age
  4. Other Factors Specific to Survivor
• Severity of Exposure

  • The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of mental problems.
  • At highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves.
  • Those in close contact with victims.
  • At lower risk of lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure, such as news of the severe damage.
  • Injury and life threat are the factors that lead most often to mental health problems.
• Gender and Family

  • Women or girls suffer more negative effects than do men or boys.
  • Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home.
  • Women with spouses also experience more distress during the recovery.
  • Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more stress for everyone.
  • Marital stress has been found to increase after disaster.
  • Conflicts between family members or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover from disasters.
• Age

  • Adults who are in the age of 40-60 are likely to become more distressed after disaster.
  • Children show more severe distress after disaster than adults.
  • Higher stress in the parents is related to worse recovery.
• Other Factors Specific to Survivor


  Several factors related to a survivor's background and resources are important for recover from disaster. Recovery is worse if survivors:

  • Well not functioning well before the disaster
  • Have had no experience dealing with disaster
  • Have poor self-esteem
  • Think they are uncared for by others
  • Think they are have little control over what happens to them
  • Lack of capacity to manage stress
• Other Factors Specific to Survivor


  Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:

  • Bereavement (death of someone close)
  • Injury to self or another family member
  • Life threat
  • Panic, horror, or feeling like that during the disaster
  • Being separated from family (especially among youth)
  • Great loss of property
  • Displacement (being forced to leave home)
• Effects of Disaster on Human Life

  1. Displaced Population
  2. Health Risk
  3. Food Scarcity
  4. Emotional Aftershocks
• Displaced Population


  many people have to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other region
• Health Risk


  severe flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria carrying mosquitoes
• Food Scarcity


  thousands of people around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, either it happens suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought
• Emotional Aftershocks


  confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of the friends and loved ones, many children develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma
• Disaster from the Different Perspectives

  1. Physical
  2. Psychological
  3. Socio-Cultural
  4. Economic
  5. Political
• Physical Perspective


  can cause damage to physical elements
• Physical Perspective


  most visible and quantifiable effects of a disaster
• Psychological Perspective


  research has shown that disasters can cause serious mental health consequences for victims
• Socio-Cultural Perspective


  a disaster is analyzed based on how people response having as parameter their social conditions and cultural settings
• Economic Perspective


  a natural disaster can be defined as a natural event that causes a perturbation to the functioning of economic system, with a significant negative impacts on assets, production factors, output, employment and consumption
• Political Perspective


  deeply wedded to both the impact of the natural disaster and the subsequently delivery of humanitarian assistance
• Government Interventions

  • Prevention
  • Mitigation
  • Preparedness
  • Recovery
• Elements at Risk


  refer to intangible elements such as economic activities and infrastructure networks
• Vulnerability


  result of a process in which various different things cause a population to be more vulnerable
• Demographic Factors

  1. Population Density
  2. Age of Population
  3. Distribution of Population