Bowlby (1969) suggested neonates are born with social releasers
These are non-verbal communicators such as smiling
Suggests NVC is innate
Innate - Neonates (2)
Rosenstein and Oster (1988) found that babies show a disgusted facial expression when giving unpleasant food
Suggests NVC is innate
Innate - Sensory deprived
Children born blind are found to show facial expressions such as surprise and other NVC such as sulking
Shows NVC is innate
Learned - Contact vs Non-contact
Hall (1966)
Stated that countries such as Italy and Spain are contact cultures (prefer small personal space) whereas countries such as UK and USA are non-contact (large personal space)
Suggests NVC is developed through the environment we live in
Learned - Gestures
Black (2011)
Suggests that pointing your finger is interpreted differently in diff cultures
In Western cultures, it is acceptable whereas, in Hindu culture it is offensive
