Biology - Respiratory System

• What is aerobic respiration?

  A series of enzyme-controlled reactions
• Where does aerobic respiration occur in cells?

  In the mitochondria of cells
• What do blood cells carry to the cells for respiration?

  Glucose and oxygen
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  GLUCOSE + OXYGEN → CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ENERGY
• What is the energy released during aerobic respiration stored as?

  ATP
• What is one way to detect temperature changes during respiration?

  Using a thermometer
• What is the purpose of a thermos flask in respiration experiments?

  To reduce heat loss through the sides
• What are the steps to investigate respiration in germinating peas?

  1. Peas respire, temperature increases.
  2. Boiling peas denatures enzymes, slight temperature increase.
  3. Boiled and disinfected peas show no temperature increase.
• What type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?

  Anaerobic respiration
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration?

  Lactic acid and energy
• Why is lactic acid considered toxic?

  It needs oxygen to be broken down
• What is the term for the oxygen needed to remove lactic acid?

  Oxygen debt
• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  To obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

  It contracts and flattens
• What occurs to the intercostal muscles during expiration?

  They relax and ribs move down
• What is the effect on chest cavity volume during inspiration?

  It increases in volume
• What happens to air pressure in the chest cavity during inspiration?

  It decreases below outside pressure
• What is the role of alveoli in gas exchange?

  They facilitate oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion
• What adaptations do alveoli have for gas exchange?

  • Good blood supply
  • Large surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Moist lining
• What happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli?

  Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out
• What is the structure that surrounds the alveolus?

  Blood capillary
• What is the function of bronchioles?

  To carry air to the alveoli
• What is the wall of the alveolus made of?

  Thin walls
• What is the role of plasma in the blood capillary?

  To transport nutrients and gases
• How does the respiratory system maintain gas exchange efficiency?

  By having a large surface area and good blood supply
• What particles are potentially dangerous in the air we breathe?

  Particles and bacteria
• Why do inspired air and expired air contain different proportions of gases?

  We take up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
• What are the proportions of gases in inspired and expired air?

  • Oxygen: Inspired air 21%, Expired air 16%
  • Carbon dioxide: Inspired air 0.04%, Expired air 4%
  • Water: Variable in inspired air, Saturated in expired air
  • Nitrogen: 78% in both
• How can we test expired air for carbon dioxide?

  Using limewater
• What are the limitations of the ball jar model for the respiratory system?

  • Balloons do not fill the jar
  • Ball jar does not move like ribcage
  • Rubber sheet pulls down too far
• How does the huff and puff apparatus demonstrate gas exchange?

  • Inspired air: Slightly cloudy limewater
  • Expired air: Turns limewater very cloudy