Lack of progress

• Plessy v Ferguson 1896 cast doubt on whether the 14th Amendment referred to social, as distinguished from political, equality
• Segregated districts became common in South and North . Chicago -> 5,000 AA were concentrated in one restricted area
• Growth of segregated transport began in 1881, with Tennessee
• Exclusion by registration laws to restrict black voting . AA voters became powerless by 1895
• Taxes and complicated tests - to stop AA from voting. Grandfather clauses by allowing people to vote if their ancestors before 1867 could vote . Literacy tests were introduced
• George H White retired in 1901 - no AA congressional representation
• Punishment of violence and lynchings for minor offences created a system - law was ignored in much of the south , in favour of mob rule - had unspoken consent of the authorities
• Westward movement - 40,000 AA - couldn’t relieve tensions
• High numbers of false arrests and imprisonment with disproportionate numbers of AA prisoners in chain gangs and labour camps