Pharmacology

• What is the main focus of the module DMD?

  Apply pharmacology principles to nursing practice
• What are the main topics covered in the lectures?

  Pharmacology, medicines optimisation, patient group directions
• How does pharmacology relate to patient wellbeing?

  It aids in safe and effective medication use
• What does pharmacokinetics refer to?

  What the body does to drugs
• What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics?

  Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
• Why is understanding ADME important?

  Ensures drugs reach the right place safely
• What is absorption in pharmacokinetics?

  Process of drug entering blood circulation
• What factors determine drug absorption?

  Physiochemical properties, formulation, route
• What must drugs be in to be absorbed?

  In solution
• What is a common feature of all cell membranes?

  Phospholipid bilayer
• How do drugs cross cell membranes?

  By passive or active transport
• What is passive transport?

  Drug moves without energy use
• What is active transport?

  Transfer of drugs against a concentration gradient
• What is bioavailability?

  Amount of drug reaching systemic circulation
• What is the first-pass effect?

  Metabolism of a drug by the liver
• Why is glyceryl trinitrate given via non-oral routes?

  It is destroyed by liver enzymes
• What is the bioavailability of intravenous drugs?

  100%
• What is the bioavailability of oral drugs?

  5% to 100%
• What does pharmaceutically equivalent mean?

  Same active ingredient and dosage form
• What is bioequivalence?

  Similar bioavailability rates of drugs
• Why is patient safety important in pharmacology?

  To prevent adverse drug reactions
• What is the main site of oral absorption?

  Small intestine
• What factors affect drug absorption in the stomach?

  Acidity, time in stomach, blood flow
• What is the purpose of enteric coatings?

  Protect drugs from gastric acid
• What is the rectum's role in drug absorption?

  Local and systemic effect
• What factors affect absorption in the rectum?

  Blood flow, lesions, retention time
• What is the absorption characteristic of pulmonary delivery?

  Rapid absorption due to large surface area
• What is the main advantage of transdermal delivery?

  Avoids first-pass metabolism
• What is the significance of intravenous administration?

  100% bioavailability and rapid effect
• What is the volume of distribution (Vd)?

  Parameter defining drug distribution in body
• How does a high volume of distribution affect plasma concentration?

  Lower plasma concentration of the drug
• What happens to lipophilic drugs in the body?

  They bind to fat tissue
• How does the route of administration affect drug absorption?

  Different routes have varying bioavailability rates
• What is the role of plasma proteins in drug distribution?

  They bind drugs and affect distribution
• What is the significance of the first-pass effect?

  Reduces bioavailability of orally administered drugs
• What is the impact of drug interactions on pharmacokinetics?

  They can alter drug absorption and metabolism
• How does the integrity of mucous membranes affect drug absorption?

  Damaged membranes can hinder absorption
• What is the effect of gastric emptying on drug absorption?

  Slower emptying can delay absorption
• How does blood flow affect drug absorption?

  Increased blood flow enhances absorption
• What is the significance of the small intestine in drug absorption?

  It has the largest surface area for absorption