Surgery

• What area of medicine did Harvey specialize in?

  Anatomy, specifically the heart
• What did doctors believe about blood before Harvey's discoveries?

  Blood was constantly produced in the liver after it was "burnt
• What specific research methods did Harvey use?

  He dissected live, cold-blooded animals, did mathematical calculations to find out the amount of blood in the body and put metal rods into veins to see the direction of blood flow
• What were Harvey's two important discoveries?

  1. Blood flows in one direction
  2. Blood is pumped around the body
• What was Harvey unable to prove and why?

  Capillaries exist; technology was insufficient
• When did Harvey publish his findings and what was the book's title?

  1628; "An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood in animals"
• What positive impact did Harvey's work have on medicine?

  It enabled further work on surgery
• Why was the impact of Harvey's work limited in the short term?

  Many doctors ignored his discovery
• Who was Ambrose Pare?

  A barber surgeon who joined the French army
• How did Pare overcome bleeding after amputations?

  He created an ointment to seal wounds
• Were Pare's ideas accepted at the time?

  No, few surgeons adopted his ideas
• What was Pare's new method for gunshot wounds?

  He used a ligature to stop bleeding
• How important was Pare in surgery?

  He developed alternatives to cauterization
• Where did Vesalius get bodies?

  He stole bodies from executed criminals in the gallows - he was a grave robber and body snatcher
• How did Vesalius change the teaching of anatomy?

  He insisted students perform dissections
• What mistakes did Galen make?

  He believed that he jaw was made of 2 bones, not one, and that the heart had holes in
• What was the significance of "The Fabric of The Human Body"?

  It changed ideas about human anatomy
• What was Hunter's approach to healing deep wounds?


  Leave as much to nature as possible
• What radical approach did Hunter take with an aneurysm patient?

  He restricted blood flow instead of amputating
• What did Hunter research about gonorrhoea and syphilis?

  Whether they were the same disease
• What happened when Hunter tested on himself?

  He contracted both gonorrhoea and syphilis
• What was the common type of surgery during the medieval period?

  Bloodletting, amputation, trepanning
• What evidence is there of progress in surgery during the medieval period?

  New surgical instruments and procedures were developed
• Who was Abulcasis?

  An Islamic doctor who invented surgical instruments
• What did Hugh of Lucca and his son criticize?

  The belief that pus was needed for healing
• What was the role of barber surgeons during this period?

  They performed surgeries based on experience
• What was cauterization used for?

  To stop the flow of blood using heat
• What was the impact of battlefield surgeries?

  They allowed observation of human anatomy
• What did Guy de Chauliac write about?

  Influential surgical techniques and practices
• What was the significance of the church's ban on dissections?

  It limited knowledge of human anatomy
• What was the common belief about pus in wounds?

  Pus was thought to be necessary for healing
• What was the role of grave robbers in anatomy?

  They supplied bodies for anatomical study
• What was the significance of battlefield surgeons?

  They gained practical experience in anatomy
• What did the development of ligatures signify?

  Improved methods for controlling bleeding
• What was the impact of wine on wounds according to Hugh of Lucca?

  It reduced infection due to its antiseptic properties
• What was the significance of the crow's beak clamp?

  It was an innovative tool for surgery
• What did the church's ban on dissections lead to?

  Limited understanding of human anatomy
• What was the significance of the surgical instruments invented by Abulcasis?

  They advanced surgical practices significantly
• What was the role of barber surgeons in medieval medicine?

  They performed surgeries based on experience
• What was the impact of battlefield surgeries on medical knowledge?

  They provided practical insights into anatomy