Casey

• What is one strategy to help delay gratification?

  Cognitive control
• What does cognitive control involve?

  Suppressing inappropriate thoughts and actions
• What are hot-cues?

  Most appealing aspects of a situation
• What are cool-cues?

  Less appealing aspects of a situation
• What do Metcalfe and Mischel (1999) suggest about the cool system?

  It is based on cognitive control
• What is the hot system related to according to Metcalfe and Mischel (1999)?

  Desires and emotions
• What brain regions are associated with cognitive control and desire?

  • Cognitive control: Inferior frontal gyrus in prefrontal cortex
  • Desire: Ventral striatum in limbic system
• What does high activity in the inferior frontal gyrus indicate?

  High cognitive control
• What does high activity in the ventral striatum indicate?

  Highly emotional and harder to resist
• What is the purpose of using the same participants over time in research?

  • Compare against previous results
  • Detect changes or similarities
  • Infer developmental stages or consistencies
• What is a go/no-go task used for?

  To operationalize delay of gratification
• How is performance measured in a go/no-go task?

  Reaction time and accuracy
• What was the aim of the study discussed?

  To assess delay of gratification's prediction
• What does a longitudinal study involve?

  • Examining the same participants over time
  • Observing changes in behavior or abilities
  • Assessing consistency across the lifespan
• What was the independent variable in the study?

  Whether the participant was a high or low delayer
• What was the dependent variable in Experiment 1?

  Performance on the impulse control task
• How were participants classified in the study?

  As high or low delayers
• How many participants were contacted in 2011?

  117 participants
• How many participants were classified as high delayers?

  60 participants
• How many participants were classified as low delayers?

  57 participants
• What is participant attrition?

  Loss of participants over time
• How many participants agreed to take part in Experiment 1?

  59 participants
• How many participants gave consent for brain scans in Experiment 2?

  15 participants
• What were the procedures in Experiment 1?

  • Participants used laptops with Inquisit software
  • Tasks included hot and cool go/no-go tasks
  • Faces from the NimStim set were used
• What was the difference between the cool and hot tasks?

  Cool used neutral faces; hot used emotional faces
• How long did each face appear during the trial?

  500 ms
• How many trials were presented per run?

  160 trials
• What was measured as a percentage of hit rate?

  Accuracy of responses
• What were the results regarding reaction times?

  No effects of delay group on reaction times
• What was the accuracy of responses in the hot condition?

  99.5% correct
• How many participants consented to the neural imaging study?

  27 participants
• Why was one participant removed from the analysis?

  Due to very poor performance
• What was the accuracy of responses in the cool condition?

  99.8% correct
• How many participants' results were analyzed?

  26 participants
• How did low delayers perform on the hot task compared to high delayers?

  Low delayers performed worse than high delayers
• What was the hypothesis regarding low and high delayers?

  Low delayers show less prefrontal activity
• What was a notable finding about low delayers identified at 4 years old?

  They had greater difficulty suppressing responses
• What method was used to scan participants' brains?

  fMRI machine
• What software was used to display tasks to participants?

  E-prime software
• How were button responses recorded during the experiment?

  Using a Neuroscan five-button respond pad