Identity

• What does identity refer to?

  How you see yourself
• What does social identity refer to?

  How other people see you
• What shapes social identity?

  Socialisation experiences throughout life
• What influences our identity during socialisation?

  Family, peer group, education, religion, workplace
• What do we internalise during socialisation?

  Social expectations associated with roles
• What social roles do we learn about during socialisation?

  Children, friends, pupils, workers
• What is typically acquired by adulthood regarding social identity?

  A social identity fitting social expectations
• What do some sociologists argue about parts of our identity?

  They are imposed by social forces
• What is ethnicity defined as?

  A sense of cultural awareness and identity
• How do groups use their ethnicity?

  To construct notions of difference
• What influences cultural awareness in ethnicity?

  Religion, language, skin colour, regional origin
• How does ethnicity intersect with other aspects of identity?

  It combines with nationality, age, gender, social class
• What did Ghumann find about Asian children's primary socialisation?

  Tradition, religion, and family values are central
• Why is the mother tongue important in Asian families?

  It maintains links between generations
• What did Jacobson find about young Pakistani-Muslims?

  They adopt a strong Islamic identity
• What do most young Muslims in Britain express?

  A strong sense of belonging to British society
• What is a hybrid identity?

  An identity with two or three cultural roots
• What did Johal find about educated young Asians?

  They often have a dual identity called 'Brasian'
• What is the 'white mask' in Johal's study?

  A form of identity used in public spaces
• What did Ghumann find about Hindu and Sikh children?

  They are taught to respect tradition and family honour
• What did Charlotte Butler find about third-generation British Muslim women?

  They have access to various possible identities
• What did Gilroy say about Afro-Caribbean identity?

  It is described as 'Black Atlantic'
• What did Back discover about White youth in the 1990s?

  They adopted aspects of Black culture
• What term did Nyak use for White youths imitating Black culture?

  'White Wannabees'
• What is national identity defined as?

  A feeling of being part of a larger community
• How is national identity socially constructed?

  Through media, education, symbols, and events
• What are the three reasons for the confusion of national identity in the UK?

  Celtic identity, English identity crisis, ethnic minority concerns
• What did Sardar argue about globalisation?

  It causes a global identity crisis
• What are the three responses to globalisation according to Stuart Hall?

  Cultural homogenisation, hybridity, resistance
• What is cultural homogenisation?

  Global mass culture swamps local culture
• What is cultural hybridity?

  Combining global culture with local culture
• What is cultural resistance?

  Resisting mass culture from globalisation
• How do some cultures view globalisation?

  As a threat to tradition and authority
• What do many Muslim societies do in response to globalisation?

  Discourage adopting lifestyles associated with it
• How does gender affect identity in a patriarchal society?

  Females are treated as inferior to males
• Who thought that gender roles are a natural product of biology?

  Wilson
• What do feminist sociologists argue about gender roles?

  They are socially constructed via socialisation
• What is the process of gender role socialisation?

  Teaching boys and girls to conform to norms
• What are the four processes of gender role socialisation according to Oakley?

  1. Manipulation
  2. Canalisation
  3. Verbal appellation
  4. Different activities
• What does manipulation involve in gender socialisation?

  Encouraging culturally acceptable behavior