lecture 6

Cards (39)

  • What are the key functions of blood?
    Transport, regulation, and protection
  • How does blood transport oxygen?
    By delivering it from lungs to organs
  • What role do hormones play in blood circulation?
    They circulate from endocrine organs to targets
  • What waste products does blood remove?
    Nitrogenous waste to the kidneys
  • What is thermoregulation in blood function?
    Absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body
  • How do blood components help regulate pH?
    By acting as buffers in body tissues
  • What prevents fluid loss from circulation?
    Blood proteins maintain fluid volume
  • How does blood protect against blood loss?
    Through clot formation when vessels are damaged
  • What components of blood protect against infection?
    Many components of the immune system
  • How many chambers does the heart have?
    Four chambers
  • What type of blood does the right side of the heart receive?
    Blood low in oxygen from body tissue
  • What does the left side of the heart do?
    Delivers oxygenated blood to body tissue
  • What are the two circuits of blood vessels?
    Pulmonary and systemic circuits
  • What is the role of the atria in the heart?
    To receive blood from circulation
  • How do ventricles differ from atria?
    Ventricles are thicker and pump blood
  • What vessels carry oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium?
    Superior and inferior vena cava
  • What vessels carry oxygen-rich blood into the left atrium?
    Pulmonary veins
  • What is the function of the pericardium?
    To provide protection and anchorage to the heart
  • What does the fluid in the pericardium provide?
    Mechanical protection and lubrication
  • How many valves are in the heart?
    Four valves
  • What do atrioventricular valves prevent?
    Backflow from ventricles into atria
  • What do pulmonary and aortic valves prevent?
    Flow from arteries back into ventricles
  • What type of valves are pulmonary and aortic valves?
    Semilunar valves
  • When do semilunar valves open?
    When ventricles contract
  • When do semilunar valves close?
    When ventricles relax
  • What supplies blood to the heart?
    Coronary arteries
  • What happens if coronary arteries are blocked?
    Leads to tissue necrosis and heart attack
  • What is the intrinsic cardiac conduction system?
    It allows the heart to depolarize and contract
  • What percentage of cardiac muscle cells are autorhythmic pacemaker cells?
    About 1%
  • What do pacemaker cells trigger?
    Action potentials in surrounding cells
  • What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?
    Action potentials generated by heart cells
  • What are the three waves of a typical ECG?
    P wave, QRS complex, and T wave
  • What can defects in the intrinsic conduction system cause?
    Irregular heartbeat rhythm (arrhythmia)
  • What is defibrillation?
    Electrical shock to reset heart cells
  • What is heart block?
    Prevention of electrical signals reaching ventricles
  • What do artificial cardiac pacemakers do?
    Regulate the heart's electrical conduction system
  • Where are electrodes usually placed for pacemakers?
    Right atrium and sometimes a ventricle
  • What is a CRT pacemaker used for?
    To help coordination of heart's beating
  • What is the main reference for the lecture material?
    Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb & Hoehn