neuroanatomy

• outline the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous sytstem


  CNS;

  -brain, spinal chord

  PNS;

  -everything else

  -cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia
• outline the structure of the brain 


  cerebrum

  cerebellum

  brain stem

  2 hemisphers (left + right)

  contralateral (oppsit sides) and ipilateral (same side)
• what are the anatomical directions 


  superior / dorsal = up

  inferior / ventral = down

  anterior / rostral = forwards

  posterior / caudal = backward

  medial = inwards

  lateral = outward
• what are the planes and sections of the brain 


  frontal (crononal (like crown!))= parallel to forehead

  sagittal (arrow) = side way

  horizontal ; parallel to ground
• what is the grey and white matter in the brain 


  grey matter

  • cell bodies + dendrites
  • eg. cortex, basal, ganglia, thalamus

  white matter

  • myelinated axons
  • eg. corpus callosum
• what is the corpus callosum 


  largest fiber bundle that connects two hempsihers
• how is the nervous system protected 


  mengines = 3 layers of tissue protecting brain + CNS

  
  

  cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) = clear fluid in subarachnoid space inbetween mengine layers
• outline the function of the ventricular system 


  ventricles

  • hollow, fillied w/CSF
  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • fourth ventricle
• how is CSF produced and moved 


  • produced by choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
  • blood filtering -> third ventricle -> cerebral squeduct -> fourth ventricle -> small opening -> fuild filled space -> reabsorbed

  each ventricle also produces more CSF
• what is the blood brain barrier 


  • semipermeable barrier (capillarys in brain do not have tiny gaps in surface )
  • lipid soubles = pass through
  • large molecules (eg glucose) -> activley transported through
  • CONS; if need medicine to brain, molecules cannot pass through barrier
• what is the cerebral cortex 


  outer 3mm of cerebrum

  folded = large SA:V = more neurons

  • clefts/ grooves = sulci
  • major grooves = fissures
  • folds/ bludges = gyri
• what are 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex 


  frontal

  • anterior of cortex
  • rostral (in front) to parietal, dorsal (up) to temporal
  • motor + cognition

  parietal lobe

  • caudal (behind) frontal lobe
  • dorsal (up) temporal lobe
  • somatosensory

  occipital lobe

  • caudal (behind) parietal and temporal lobe
  • vision

  temporal lobe

  • rostral to occipital, ventral parietal + frontal
  • hearing, vision, cog, emotion
• what are the primary areas of the cerebral cortex 


  primary somatosensory cortex

  primary visual cortex

  primary auditory cortex

  • info from senses

  primary motor cortex

  • connected to muscles in body

  ALL contralateral (apart from olfaction + taste)

  • right side from left