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Biology Paper 2
Inheritance
Protein synthesis
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Cards (28)
What is DNA made of?
Double-stranded
polymer
of
nucleotides
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How many different nucleotides are there?
Four
different nucleotides
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What are the bases of nucleotides called?
A, T, G, and C
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How do the two strands of DNA relate to each other?
They are
complementary
to each other
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Which bases pair together in DNA?
A pairs with
T
,
C
pairs with
G
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What are proteins made of?
Polymers
of
amino acids
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How many different amino acids are there in humans?
Twenty
different amino acids
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What determines the shape of a protein?
The specific order of
amino acids
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How does the shape of a protein relate to its function?
The
shape
determines its
function
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What might protein A be, based on its function?
An
enzyme
molecule like
amylase
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What could protein B represent?
A
structural protein
like
collagen
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What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?
The
sequence
of
bases
in the
gene
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What happens when a cell makes a protein?
The cell reads the
DNA sequence
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What is the first stage of protein synthesis called?
Transcription
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Where does the first stage of protein synthesis take place?
In the nucleus
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What is the complementary template molecule called?
Messenger RNA (
mRNA
)
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How is mRNA different from DNA?
mRNA is a
single-stranded
molecule
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What is the second stage of protein synthesis called?
Translation
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Where does translation take place?
In the
cytoplasm
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What attaches to the ribosome during translation?
The
mRNA
molecule
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What are the carrier molecules that bring amino acids to the ribosome called?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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What does the ribosome do during translation?
Reads triplets of bases on
mRNA
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What happens after the protein chain is complete?
It folds into its
unique shape
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Why is the shape of a protein important?
It enables the protein to do its
job
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What are the stages of protein synthesis?
Transcription
DNA sequence is copied to
mRNA
Occurs in the nucleus
Translation
mRNA attaches to
ribosome
tRNA
brings
amino acids
Ribosome reads mRNA triplets
Amino acids are joined in order
Protein folds into shape
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What are the key components involved in protein synthesis?
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
Ribosomes
Amino acids
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How do the structures of DNA and RNA differ?
DNA: Double-stranded, contains
thymine
RNA: Single-stranded, contains
uracil
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What roles do enzymes, structural proteins, and hormones play?
Enzymes: Catalyze
biochemical
reactions
Structural proteins
: Provide support and shape
Hormones: Regulate
physiological
processes
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