risk management may include...

• prior consent- informing pps that they will be deceived without telling them the nature of deception, however this may affect their behaviour as they try to guess the real nature of the study.
• retrospective consent- informing participants that they were deceived after the study is completed and asking for their consent. The problem with this is that if they do not consent then it is too late
• presumptive consent- asking people who are not participating in the study if they would be willing to participate- if these people would be willing to give consent then it may be reasonable to assume those taking part would also give consent.