Alex iii counter reforms

• Emergency measures :

  • statute of state security
  • Prohibit gathering of 12 +
  • Prosecute anyone for political crimes
  • Emergency police
  • Special courts
  • Close schools, uni and newspapers
• Temporary measures remained in force till 1917
• How did he tackle control?

  - Okhrana introduced

  • 1882 Decree - watch anyone
  • land captains and gov offiials in countryside who disliked by peasants as no appeal
  • censorship tighten further- ban editors and suspend publications
• how did he tackle education?

  1884 uni statute

  • Staff appointed by minister of education
  • courses closed for women
  • church control over primary
  • fees in secondary exclude poor
• How did tackle the local goervnemnt ?

  • 1890 zemstva act
  • Control is centralised under minister of interior I provincial governors who were gov appointed could amend legislation
  • Peasants representation reduced
• 1892 municipal act :

  less than 0.7% of Moscow and st Petersburg could vote
• even under repression the zemstva did more to help during the 1891 - 92 famine than state
• how did he counteract legal reform?

  • reduced number of crimes punished in regular courts of law
  • court martial tried sensetive cases to reduce publiciity
  • minister of justice order privet trials
  • crimes against state had no jury
  • judges lost security of tenure and replaced - corrupt
  • land captains take over JOP
• Result of reforms was higher increase in centralisation
• Repression :

  • post asassination a nationwide offensive leads to 10k arrests and crackdown on revollutionaries
  • Okrana recruit thousands - penetrated groups
  • Masqueraded as cab driVers
  • Read mail in post offices
  • Thousand of innocents sent to exile
  • Difficult to be dissent opinion
• due to repressive climate revolutionary partuies are greatly weakend
• The people’s will

  • never recovered
  • due to police action and wave of arrests after every terror attack
  • repulsion of public to violence after assassination
• 1887 - ulanyov hanged with four others for plot against tsar

  • Lenin’s brother