Subcultures

• What biological stage do biologists refer to as youth?

  Adolescence
• How do sociologists define youth?

  As a social construct created by society
• What is a rite of passage in pre-industrial societies?

  A ceremony marking the transition to adulthood
• How did the concept of youth change in the UK after the 1950s?

  Teenagers became a distinct social category
• What factors contributed to the emergence of teenagers in the 1950s?

  Rising wages and a youth-oriented industry
• What do some sociologists argue about the timing of youth's beginning and end?

  It varies, with some linking it to teenage years
• What is the concern regarding children being exposed to adult influences?

  It may corrupt their attitudes and behavior
• What term do some sociologists use to refer to children aged 8-12?

  Tweenagers
• Why might youth be ending later in modern society?

  Due to prolonged education and economic factors
• What is a subculture?

  A social group within a broader culture
• How do subcultures differ from mainstream culture?

  They have distinct norms, values, and traditions
• Why might subcultures be viewed as a threat?

  They can be labeled as deviant by society
• What does the concept of youth culture imply?

  It suggests shared norms distinct from adult culture
• What is the 'generation gap' in youth culture?

  Conflict between young people and adult society
• What are the features distinguishing youth culture from adult culture?

  • Involvement in education, not work
  • Lack of adult responsibilities
  • Importance of pop culture
  • Influence of peer groups
• What term describes highly visible youth subcultures from the 1950s to 1970s?

  Spectacular Youth Subculture
• Which youth subcultures emerged in the UK from the 1950s to 1970s?

  Teddy Boys, Mods, Rockers, Skinheads, Punks
• What do functionalists argue is necessary for social order in modern societies?

  Value consensus and social integration
• How are children socialised into value consensus according to functionalists?

  Through primary and secondary socialisation
• What did Talcott Parsons argue about youth in pre-industrial societies?

  There was no need for youth culture
• What are rites of passage, according to Parsons?

  Traditional ceremonies marking adulthood
• Why does Parsons see youth as a transitional stage?

  It involves negotiating independence and responsibility
• What potential issue does Parsons identify during the youth transition?

  It can undermine commitment to social order
• What function does the social category of youth serve, according to Parsons?

  Helps young people develop independent skills
• What does S.N. Eisenstadt argue about youth culture?

  It socially integrates young people into society
• How does youth culture provide a context for young people, according to Eisenstadt?

  It allows them to release stress and frustration
• What role does youth culture play in modern industrial society?

  Helps express frustrations without social threat
• What does Eisenstadt say about the acceptance of youth culture by adults?

  It is seen as a temporary means of release
• What are the functions of youth culture according to Eisenstadt?

  Minimizes disruption and reinforces social order
• What criticism do functionalists face regarding youth culture?

  Over-generalising and ignoring specific subcultures
• What factors do functionalists fail to consider in youth culture?

  Social class, gender, and ethnicity
• What is a criticism of Parsons and Eisenstadt's analysis?

  It is ethnocentric and culturally biased
• What cultural background do Parsons and Eisenstadt's analyses reflect?

  White, middle-class America
• What does Marxism reject about functionalism?

  Consensus and social order in society
• What do Marxists argue modern capitalist society is underpinned by?

  Exploitation and inequality
• Who conducted most research into spectacular youth cultures in the 1970s?

  Neo-Marxists at CCCS
• What concept do neo-Marxists focus on regarding youth subcultures?

  Hegemony of the ruling capitalist class
• What was the CCCS interested in regarding youth subcultures?

  Social class and economic situation
• How did the style of spectacular youth subcultures function according to CCCS analysis?

  As ideological opposition to ruling class
• What criticism do Marxists face regarding their interpretation of subcultures?

  They focus only on opposition and resistance