Kant

• what is the first maxim?

  The first maxim is "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
• What is the second maxim?

  To treat people as an end in themselves not as a means to an end
• what is the third maxim?

  act in accordance with the maxims of a member giving universal laws for a merely possible kingdom of ends"
• what is good will according to kant?

  "it is impossible to conceive of anything in the world, or indeed out of it, which can be called good without qualification, save only a good will"
• What are the two groups of knowledge according to Kant?

  • Knowledge we gain through sense perception from the empirical world around us (a posteriori)
  • knowledge that is not dependent on experience it’s knowledge we have at first hand (a priori)
• What’s an analytic proposition/ judgement?

  Where the predicate (unmarried) belongs to the subject (bachelors):

  “All bachelors are unmarried“
• What’s a synthetic proposition/ judgement?

  where the predicate (round) is outside the subject (table) and must be made in reference to something else:

  “The table in the kitchen is round“
• What is the kingdom of ends?

  A world we must imagine when we are creating moral laws, one where everyone follows the same rules and respects others
• What are the three postulates?

  Freedom, immortality and God
• What is meant by freedom?

  The core of Kantian ethics, human beings are free and we have the freedom to choose the moral last over our instinct or desire
• what is meant by immortality?

  To reach summum bonum in our world isn’t easy and we may not find it in this world or someone may die trying to help others. so we must postulate immortality of the soul to allow for happiness to be met beyond this life
• What is meant by God?

  Kant wanted to create an ethical theory that did not begin with God or religious understanding, but his his idea of an eternal law and soul to gain the smmum bonum does point to God
• Says that knowledge = Reason + Experience
• “Two things fill the mind… the starry skies above me and the moral laws within me“
• what four questions does Kant base his philosophy on?

  • what can I know?
  • what should I know?
  • what may I hope?
  • what is a human being?
• Motives which have an inclination ( family, loyalty, guilt. Etc.) have no moral worth