Whole syllabus

• What do both plant and animal cells have in common?

  A nucleus and cell surface membrane
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

  Controls the cell's activity
• What is enclosed within the nuclear envelope?

  Chromosomes made of DNA
• What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

  Site of protein synthesis
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Double membrane with heavily folded inner membrane
• What is produced in mitochondria?

  ATP through respiration
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Produces new lipids and proteins
• What do chloroplasts do in plant cells?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum covered in?

  Ribosomes
• What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in?

  Synthesis and processing of lipids
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Digestive enzymes
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Maintains cell structure
• What does the vacuole in plant cells contain?

  Sap
• How do eukaryotic cells maximize diffusion?

  Through physical adaptations like microvilli
• What shape do red blood cells have to increase surface area?

  Biconcave shape
• Why do fat cells have large lipid stores?

  For energy storage
• What do goblet cells secrete?

  Mucus
• What do muscle cells require a lot of for contraction?

  ATP
• What do prokaryotic cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Membrane-bound organelles
• What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

  Involved in protein production
• What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotic cells?

  One long coiled strand
• What is the role of plasmid DNA in bacteria?

  Helps spread advantageous genes
• What is the purpose of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

  Maintains cell structure
• What is the scale used to measure small biological units?

  Millimeters, micrometers, nanometers
• How many micrometers are in a millimeter?

  1,000 micrometers
• What is the maximum magnification of an optical microscope?

  About 1,500 times
• What is the difference in image quality between optical and electron microscopes?

  Electron microscopes provide more detail
• What type of image do electron microscopes produce?

  Black and white images
• What is the resolution limit of an optical microscope?

  Approximately 0.2 micrometers
• What is the equation for magnification?

  Magnification = size of image / actual size
• What is important to remember when making biological drawings?

  Use a sharp pencil and include a scale
• What type of bonding involves sharing electrons?

  Covalent bonding
• What is hydrogen bonding?

  Weak attraction between opposite dipoles
• What is the structure of water?

  Two hydrogens and one oxygen
• Why is water a liquid at room temperature?

  Due to hydrogen bonds requiring energy to break
• What property of water helps with temperature regulation?

  High specific heat capacity
• Why is water considered an important metabolite?

  It participates in metabolic reactions
• What helps cool organisms down through sweating?

  High latent heat of vaporization
• Why is it important to understand the relationship between small biological units?

  To accurately measure and compare sizes
• Why do you need to convert between different units when measuring small objects?

  To ensure consistency in measurements