globalisation

• globalisation


  International influence & interconnectedness
• transnational networks


  crime that goes across borders - connecting things/people across boarders
• trafficking


  dealing/trading/selling something illegal across boarders
• risk consciousness


  people are more conscious of risks due to globalisation
• transnational corporations


  companies that operate in more than one country e.g., apple
• glocal


  characterised by local and global. crime is still based locally and needs to be to operate crime e.g., human trafficking. has local & global connections
• Held et al

  interconnectedness of crime across boarders which has led to the spread of transnational organised crime
• Castells


  theres is now a global criminal economy worth £1 trillion per annum
• categorising the impact of globalisation

  -economic globalisation: more transnational corporations; more inequalities; increased trade

  
  

  -global cyber crime: planning attacks; dark web; intense global communication

  
  

  -cultural globalisation: spread of global terrorism; United Nation Human Rights - has created state crime; spread of news ideas that clash with native culture e.g., Iran Instagrammers
• how has globalisation caused more crime?

  -led to new crime e.g., state crime

  -made it easier to share criminal techniques

  -has caused more poverty (marketisation - Taylor)

  
  

  AO3:

  -may not have led to more crime but has increased awareness of crime & means crime is reported more
• new crimes developed from globalisation

  -financial crimes e.g., off shore accounts; money laundering; tax evasion

  
  

  -trafficking e.g., arms trafficking; human trafficking; modern slavery

  
  

  -terrorism e.g., domestic terrorism; online radicalisation

  
  

  -drug trade e.g., cartels
• AO2 of crime due to globalisation

  -terrorism - online radicalisation: Shamima Begum - left the UK at 15 after being radicalised online and recruited by ISIS. Was smuggled into the country.

  
  

  -trafficking - arms trafficking: firearms were trafficked from Turkey to Brazil, over 45 thousand weapons were trafficked to South America.

  
  

  -financial - Stephen & Michael Hirst, tax evasion of over £3.2 million due to putting money in off shore accounts in different countries.

  Another example: Boots avoided paying tax of £1 billion.
• tax evasion statistic 2022/2023

  -£5.5 billion lost through tax evasion in the UK, a majority being from small businesses
• cyber crime - Wall (2001)


  -cyber deception & theft e.g., phising/hacking

  -pornography e.g., child/illegal types

  -trespass e.g., sending viruses/entering systems you don't have permission to

  -cyber violence e.g., cyber bullying/hate based sites
• global risk consciousness

  -globalisation has made people more hyper aware of crime e.g., economic migrants/asylum seekers

  -has made people fear the risks more, increasing western anxiety

  -a global moral panic

  -example: hate against Polish communities in the UK, sometimes leading to death
• Taylor - capitalism


  -globalisation has increased crime

  -capitalism is increasing due to how corporations use globalisation e.g., switching to manufacture products in low-wage countries

  -there is more marketisation

  -this undermines social cohesion

  -rich commit rimes by exploiting people in LED countries

  -deregulation of economies leads to governments not taking care of citizens

  -elite can turn to crime as it is not regulated e.g., insider trade
• Rothe & Freidrichs - crimes of globalisation

  -can cause genocide, even if it is not intentional

  they look at the role of international financial organisations e.g., the world bank which is dominated by major capitalist states

  -these bodies impose pro-capitalist & marketisation ideals to poor countries/non-capitalist places

  -force programmes on countries so they can qualify for loans & add interest on these loans, which lead the poor to get poorer & more conflicts arise e.g., Hutus & Tutsi's - Rwanda genocide - made the communities in Rwanda start a conflict which led to mass genocide, a globalised crime

  -the poor are then more likely to turn to crime to survive/pay the loans etc
• glocal organisations - Hobbs & Dunningham

  -crime is still rooted locally, globalisation has not increased crime as much as it seems

  -example: drugs are only trafficked to the UK because of the demand in the UK, this is local

  
  

  -crime has changed but is still evident locally e.g., there are no clear structured gangs but there are more flexible opportunistic criminals

  
  

  -AO2 example: Essex lorry deaths - 39 migrants killed, wanted to move to the UK (illegally) but, death happened locally/due to locals via a sealed container
• McMafia - Glenny


  -after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, organisations were developed due to the deregulation of global markets

  -one capitalism collapsed, the capitalists took to mafias to protect their wealth

  -shows organised criminal networks
• globalisation affecting crime


  -more inequality, a bigger wealth gap.

  
  

  -Lash & Urry: disorganised capitalism - globalisation = promoted by the deregulation of businesses, gives corporations more opportunity to commit crime & makes the WC turn to crime as they cannot legally achieve what they could've.

  
  

  -Bauman: growing individualism - people are taught to be selfish & focus on themselves before the collective. Links to postmodernism & the fall of community.

  
  

  -more opportunities e.g., cyber crime.
• AO3

  -these crimes are not new, we are just more hyper aware of them

  -very hard to investigate these crimes

  -depends on secondary sources

  -exaggerates the significance of globalisation

  -most crimes are local, routine & low level
• globalisation, crime & policing

  Issues:

  -transnational nature:

  -jurisdictions e.g., Garry McKinnon - alleged hacking of 97 US government computers (cyber crime), warrants from US were sent for him in UK but this was dropped as he was not extradited to US, US did not have jurisdiction.

  -differing laws e.g., Billy Hood - arrested in Dubai for having vape fluid (cannabis) in car, which is illegal there, got 25 years imprisonment in Dubai for this.

  -cultural differences.

  
  

  -legislation delays:

  -crime changes quicker than law e.g., Katie Price & online bullying against son Harvey. There was no actual legislation against this crime. There has been societal developments that legislation cannot keep up with. Laws made do not meet crimes that are happening now.

  
  

  Benefits:

  -greater international agreements: europol & interpol e.g., europol got access to a criminal network (encrochat) & discovered many offences. It is harder to get away with crime.

  -international agreements

  -greater awareness of issues: modern slavery; trafficking - we are more aware of this in society because of globalisation
• interactionists


  crimes may increase/seem to increase if they are labelled