Cultural variations in attachment

• Large sample

  Increases validity as it reduces the impact of anomalous results
• Validity and reliability

  The only test of infant attachment used in different countries.
• Genersiablity to whole country

  Variations in cultures. For example, in Tokyo there was more secure attachments whereas in rural Japan there was more insecure resistant attachments.
• Not representative of the whole culture

  Some sample sizes were small. This lowers the validity and conclusions that can be drawn.
• Culturally biased

  E.g. in Germany, lack of separation anxiety and pleasure in reunion may be seen as independence rather than avoidance. This means that the study suffers from imposed etic.