ORGANIC MECHANISMS

• HOW TO CONVERT ALKANES INTO HALOALKANES?

  Halogen

  UV light

  Free radical substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT HALOALKANES INTO PRIMARY AMINES?

  Concentrated NH3 in ethanol

  Heat

  Under pressure

  Nucleophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT PRIMARY AMINES INTO ALKYL AMMONIUM SALTS?

  Dilute HCl

  Room temperature

  Acid-base reaction
• HOW TO CONVERT PRIMARY AMINES INTO SECONDARY AMINES?

  Halogenoalkane

  Heat

  Nucleophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT SECONDARY AMINES INTO TERTIARY AMINES?

  Halogenoalkane

  Heat

  Nucleophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT TERTIARY AMINES INTO QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS?

  Halogenoalkane

  Heat

  Nucleophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT HALOALKANES INTO ALKENES?

  KOH/ NaOH in ethanol

  Heat

  Elimination
• HOW TO CONVERT ALKENES INTO HALOALKANES?

  Hydrogen halide

  Room temperature

  Electrophilic addition
• HOW TO CONVERT HALOALKANES INTO NITRILES?

  KCN in aqueous ethanol

  Boil under reflux

  Nucleophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT HALOALKANES INTO ALCOHOLS?

  KOH/ NaOH (aq)

  Heat under reflux

  Nucleophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT ALKENES INTO DIHALOALKANES?

  Halogen in water or organic solvent

  Room temperature

  Electrophilic addition
• HOW TO CONVERT DIHALOALKANES INTO DIOLS?

  NaOH (aq)

  Heat under reflux

  Nucleophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT ALKENES INTO ALKYLHYDROGENSULPHATES?

  Concentrated H2SO4

  Cold

  Electrophilic addition
• HOW TO CONVERT ALKENES INTO ALCOHOLS?

  Steam

  300 degrees Celsius

  60 atm

  H3PO4 catalyst

  Hydration
• HOW TO CONVERT ALCOHOLS INTO ALKENES?

  Concentrated H2SO4

  Heat

  Elimination/ dehydration
• HOW TO CONVERT ALCOHOLS INTO ALDEHYDES?

  K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

  Warm

  Distillation

  Oxidation
• HOW TO CONVERT ALDEHYDES INTO ALCOHOLS?

  NaBH4 (aq)

  Heat

  Reduction
• HOW TO CONVERT ALCOHOLS INTO KETONES?

  K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

  Warm

  Distillation

  Oxidation
• HOW TO CONVERT KETONES INTO ALCOHOLS?

  NaBH4 (aq)

  Heat

  Reduction
• HOW TO CONVERT NITRILES INTO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?

  Dilute HCl

  Heat

  Hydrolysis
• HOW TO CONVERT ALDEHYDES INTO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?

  K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

  Heat under reflux

  Oxidation
• HOW TO CONVERT CARBOXYLIC ACIDS INTO ALDEHYDES?

  LiAlH4 in dry ether

  Heat

  Reduction
• HOW TO CONVERT CARBOXYLIC ACIDS INTO CARBOXYLATE SALTS?

  NaOH (aq)

  Room temperature

  Acid-base reaction
• HOW TO CONVERT CARBOXYLIC ACIDS INTO ESTERS?

  Alcohol

  H2SO4

  Heat

  Esterification/ condensation
• HOW TO CONVERT ACYL CHLORIDES OR ACID ANHYDRIDES INTO ESTERS?

  Alcohol

  Room temperature

  Nucleophilic addition-elimination/ acylation
• HOW TO CONVERT ACYL CHLORIDES OR ACID ANHYDRIDES INTO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?

  H2O

  Room temperature

  Hydrolysis
• HOW TO CONVERT ACYL CHLORIDES OR ACID ANHYDRIDES INTO AMIDES?

  Amines

  Room temperature

  Nucleophilic addition-elimination
• HOW TO CONVERT GLUCOSE INTO ETHANOL?

  Yeast

  35 - 55 degrees Celsius

  No air

  Fermentation
• HOW TO CONVERT BENZENE INTO BENZALDEHYDE?

  Ethanoyl chloride

  Heat

  Electrophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT BENZENE INTO METHYLBENZENE/ TOLUENE?

  Chloromethane

  AlCl3

  Heat

  Electrophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT BENZENE INTO NITROBENZENE?

  Concentrated HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4

  25 - 60 degrees Celsius

  Electrophilic substitution
• HOW TO CONVERT NITROBENZENE INTO AMINOBENZENE?

  Concentrated HCl and Sn

  Heat

  Reduction
• HOW TO CONVERT METHYLBENZENE/ TOLUENE INTO CHLOROMETHYLBENZENE?

  Chlorine

  UV

  Free radical substitution