Role of the father

• What is the traditional role of fathers in parenting?

  Minor role in parenting
• How have societal norms regarding fathers changed?

  Men have a bigger role in parenting now
• What was the employment rate of mothers in 2013?

  5.3 million employed
• What percentage of single parents are male?

  9%
• What was the focus of early research on parent-infant interaction?

  Mother-infant interaction with one primary caregiver
• How are fathers perceived in early research regarding caregiving?

  Less of a caregiver, more of a playmate
• What did Grossman (2002) aim to study?

  Importance of fathers in children's development
• What type of study did Grossman (2002) conduct?

  Longitudinal study
• How many families were involved in Grossman's study?

  44 families
• What relationship did Grossman (2002) examine?

  Parents' behavior and children's attachment quality
• What did Grossman (2002) find about infant attachment quality?

  Related to mothers, not fathers
• What did Grossman (2002) suggest about father attachment?

  Less important than mother attachment
• How was the quality of fathers' play related to adolescent attachments?

  It was related to quality of attachments
• What role do fathers play in attachment according to Grossman (2002)?

  Play and stimulation, not nurturing
• What evidence suggests fathers can be primary caregivers?

  Field (1978) filmed interactions of infants
• How did primary caregiver fathers behave compared to secondary caregivers?

  Spent more time smiling and imitating
• What is key to attachment according to the findings on fathers?

  Level of responsiveness, not gender
• What are the economic implications of fathers' roles in parenting?

  • Changes in workforce participation
  • Impact on child development policies
  • Influence on family support systems
• How should one evaluate answers in exam practice?

  • Read the answer carefully
  • Assess based on marking criteria
  • Consider clarity and relevance