Monoclonal antibodies

• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Antibodies created to be identical
• What does "mono" mean in monoclonal antibodies?

  One
• What does "clonal" refer to in monoclonal antibodies?

  Identical
• How are monoclonal antibodies used in medical treatment?

  As drugs for targeted therapy
• What is the first type of monoclonal antibody therapy mentioned?

  Direct monoclonal antibody therapy
• How do direct monoclonal antibodies work in cancer treatment?

  They bind to cancer cell antigens
• What is the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment?

  They target only cancer cells
• What is the second type of monoclonal antibody therapy mentioned?

  Indirect monoclonal antibody therapy
• How does indirect monoclonal antibody therapy deliver drugs?

  By attaching drugs to antibodies
• What is a cytotoxic drug?

  A drug designed to kill cancer cells
• What is a common use of monoclonal antibodies in medical diagnosis?

  Pregnancy tests
• What does the ELISA test stand for?

  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• How does a pregnancy test work?

  By detecting a hormone in urine
• What happens when the mobile antibody binds to the hormone in a pregnancy test?

  It creates a visible line
• What is the purpose of the control band in a pregnancy test?

  To confirm the test is working
• What is the first step in the ELISA test?

  Add the test sample to the device
• Why do you wash the device after adding the test sample in the ELISA test?

  To remove unbound sample
• What does the second antibody in the ELISA test do?

  It binds to the first antibody
• What indicates the presence of the antigen in the ELISA test?

  A color change to blue
• What does the intensity of the color in the ELISA test indicate?

  The quantity of the antigen present
• What is a key ethical concern regarding monoclonal antibodies?

  Use of animals in their production
• What happens to animals used to create monoclonal antibodies?

  Their spleens are removed, causing death
• Why is there an ethical debate about using animals for monoclonal antibodies?

  It raises questions about animal rights