Organisation

• What is the conversion of 1 kilometer in meters?

  1000 m
• How many centimeters are in 1 meter?

  100 cm
• How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter?

  10 mm
• How many micrometers are in 1 millimeter?

  1000 micrometers
• How many nanometers are in 1 micrometer?

  1000 nanometers
• When was the first light microscope developed?

  In the 17th century
• What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

  x2000
• What is the main advantage of light microscopes?

  They can be used on live specimens
• When were electron microscopes invented?

  In the 1930s
• What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?

  Up to 2 million times
• What do electron microscopes use to form images?

  Beams of electrons
• What is the formula for magnification?

  Magnification = image size / size of real object
• What does resolving power refer to?

  The ability to distinguish between 2 points
• What is the size range of animal cells?

  10 to 30 micrometers
• What is the function of the nucleus in an animal cell?

  Controls all the activities of the cell
• What surrounds the nucleus in an animal cell?

  The nuclear membrane
• What do chromosomes carry in an animal cell?

  Instructions for making proteins
• What does the cell membrane control?

  Passage of substances in and out
• Where does aerobic respiration take place in an animal cell?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of ribosomes in an animal cell?

  Where protein synthesis takes place
• What is the size range of plant cells?

  10 to 100 micrometers
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Strengthens and supports the cell
• What do chloroplasts contain that is essential for photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll
• What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

  Keeps the cell rigid
• What do eukaryotic cells contain?

  A nucleus
• What are prokaryotes?

  Single-celled living organisms
• How do bacteria compare in size to eukaryotes?

  They are 2 orders of magnitude smaller
• What is the composition of the bacterial cell wall?

  Made of peptidoglycan
• Where is the genetic material located in prokaryotic cells?

  Not enclosed in a nucleus
• What is a plasmid?

  Extra small rings of DNA
• What is the function of the flagellum in some bacteria?

  Moves the bacterium through the environment
• What happens as cells differentiate?

  They develop specific sub cellular structures
• What are the adaptations of nerve cells for their function?

  • Lots of dendrites for connections
  • Long axon for carrying impulses
  • Synapses for passing impulses
  • Many mitochondria for energy
• What are the adaptations of muscle cells for their function?

  • Special proteins for contraction
  • Many mitochondria for energy
  • Can store glycogen for respiration
• What are the adaptations of sperm cells for their function?

  • Long flagellum for movement
  • Mitochondria for energy transfer
  • Acrosome for breaking down egg layers
  • Large nucleus for genetic information
• What are the adaptations of root hair cells for their function?

  • Increased surface area for water uptake
  • Large vacuole for osmosis
  • Many mitochondria for active transport
• What are the adaptations of photosynthetic cells for their function?

  • Chloroplasts for light absorption
  • Positioned in layers for maximum light
  • Large vacuole for rigidity
• What are the adaptations of xylem cells for their function?

  • Lignin for support when dead
  • Forms long hollow tubes for transport
• What are the adaptations of phloem cells for their function?

  • Cell walls break down into sieve plates
  • Companion cells keep them alive
• What is diffusion?

  Random movement from high to low concentration